Beyond Maslow: Reinterpreting Human Motivation through the Purushartha Framework of the Bhagavad Gita
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2026.v11.n06.023Keywords:
Purushartha, Bhagavad Gita, Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, Indian Knowledge System, Human Motivation, Dharma, Self-Actualization, MokshaAbstract
Understanding human motivation has been a central concern of psychology, philosophy, and management for decades. Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs has long served as one of the most influential theories explaining human behaviour and personal growth. However, ancient Indian philosophy presents an equally sophisticated yet fundamentally different perspective through the concept of Purushartha, the fourfold aims of human life described in the Bhagavad Gita and other classical texts. This article critically compares these two frameworks to explore their philosophical foundations, ethical assumptions, and implications for contemporary society. While Maslow emphasizes progressive satisfaction of individual needs culminating in self-actualization, Purushartha integrates material success, ethical responsibility, emotional fulfilment, and spiritual liberation into a holistic model of human development. The analysis suggests that the Indian Knowledge System offers a more balanced approach by placing Dharma (righteousness) at the centre of all human pursuits. The article argues that integrating these perspectives can contribute to leadership, education, organizational behaviour, and positive psychology by promoting sustainable personal and societal well-being.
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