Buddhist Cultural heritage Sites in Kerala

Abstract

Buddhism emerged in India in the 6^th century BCE as a significant religious and philosophical movement that challenged prevailing social hierarchies and ritualistic traditions. Over time, it spread widely across Asia and also left a notable imprint on various regions within India, including Kerala. This study examines the historical presence and cultural influence of Buddhism in Kerala, highlighting the ways in which Buddhist traditions shaped the region’s social practices, religious institutions, art forms, and intellectual life. Historical references such as Ashokan inscriptions, Sangam literature, archaeological findings, and local traditions indicate that Buddhism flourished in Kerala from the early centuries BCE until around the 12^th century CE. Prominent centers like Sreemulasa Vihara and numerous Buddhist relics found across the region testify to its earlier prominence. The research further explores the integration of Buddhist elements into Kerala’s cultural fabric, including temple rituals, festivals, linguistic influences, educational traditions, and medical practices such as Ayurveda. Although Buddhism gradually declined as an organized religion in Kerala, many of its philosophical and ethical principles continued to influence later religious reformers and thinkers such as Sri Narayana Guru, ChattampiSwamikal, and Brahmananda Sivayogi. Their emphasis on social equality, non-violence, and the rejection of caste discrimination reflects strong parallels with Buddhist teachings. The study concludes that while Buddhism no longer exists as a dominant religion in Kerala, its cultural and philosophical legacy remains deeply embedded in the region’s traditions, institutions, and reform movements.