RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary
हिंदी में पढ़ें | ગુજરાતી માટે ક્લિક કરો RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary is a double-blind peer-reviewed, open-access academic journal committed to advancing knowledge across a wide spectrum of disciplines through multidisciplinary research. The journal serves as a platform for scholars, practitioners, and researchers from diverse academic backgrounds to publish original and high-quality work that bridges disciplinary boundaries and fosters innovative thinking. The journal welcomes submissions in multiple languages — English, Hindi, and Gujarati — to promote inclusive academic communication and support linguistic diversity in global scholarship. Journal Information Journal Start Year: January 2016 Journal Title: RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary ISSN (Online): 2455-3085 Impact Factor: 6.93 Crossref DOI: 10.31305/rrijm Frequency of Publication: Monthly (12 Issues per Year) Languages: English, Hindi, Gujarati Accessibility: Open Access Peer Review Process: Double Blind Peer Review Subject Coverage: Multidisciplinary Plagiarism Checker: Turnitin (Licensed) Publication Format: Online Article Acceptance Rate: 18% – 29% Contact Details Contact No.: +91-99784 40833 Email: editor@rrjournals.com Old Website: https://old.rrjournals.com/ New Website: https://rrjournals.com/ Address: 15, Kalyan Nagar, Shahpur, Ahmedabad, Gujarat – 380001 Key Features of RRIJM Journal was listed in UGC with Journal No. 44945 (Till 14-06-2019) Journal publishes online every month Online article submission system Standard double-blind peer review process
Fixed-Point Theorems in Fuzzy Metric Spaces and Their Applications in Uncertainty Modeling
At the core of the thesis lies an extensive investigation of Banach’s Contraction Principle, a foundational result asserting that any contraction mapping on a complete metric space has a unique fixed point. The principle's implications for the existence and uniqueness of solutions to differential and integral equations serve as a recurring theme, revealing the theorem’s continued relevance in mathematical modeling and computational applications. The thesis meticulously outlines the formal proof structure, elucidating the contraction property, the iterative approach to constructing Cauchy sequences, and the convergence behavior ensured by completeness. This is followed by an analytical treatment of Brouwer’s Fixed Point Theorem, which guarantees the existence of a fixed point for any continuous function mapping a compact convex subset of Euclidean space into itself. The topological conditions underpinning this theorem are shown to be foundational not only for abstract mathematics but also for economics and game theory, wherein equilibrium concepts hinge upon the assurance of such fixed points.
The double-edged sword: A discussion on the impact of AI implementation in undergraduate education in the field of physical sciences
It is well known that ever since the commencement of open use of artificial intelligence, its impact in every sphere of human life has been profound and academia is no exception. This utilization of AI is poised to fundamentally reshape undergraduate education, and in this paper, we provide a critical analysis of the potential benefits, practical requirements and widespread implications of integrating AI tools into the curriculum. We begin with a brief history of AI in academia, tracing its evolution from expert systems to modern machine learning. The paper then explores concrete applications of AI in problem solving, mathematical derivation and experimental analyses, demonstrating its potential to enhance understanding and efficiency. We also discuss the conflict between AI as a tool for enhancement versus a support that decelerates independent thought and novel ideas. We argue that the uniqueness of future research is not inherently threatened but will depend on how AI is administered – as a collaborator rather a replacement. Finally, the paper examines the ethical considerations, including academic integrity and transparency, concluding that a proactive, pedagogical integration of AI is essential to prepare a new generation of innovative as well as ethically minded scientists who will be all set for cutting edge research.
Archaeological Study of Metallurgical Techniques in Jharkhand during 1200–1750 CE
Between 1200 and 1750 CE, metallurgical techniques in Jharkhand witnessed remarkable development, based on indigenous tribal knowledge, natural resources, and cultural traditions. Communities such as the Asur, Birhor, Lohar, and Agaria produced high-quality iron by smelting iron ore at temperatures ranging from 1100°C to 1300°C through the use of traditional furnaces, bamboo bellows, and charcoal. Alongside this, copper and bronze objects were also manufactured through the Dhokra art tradition. Archaeological evidence, including furnace remains, slag heaps, and metal tools discovered in regions such as Singhbhum, Ranchi, Khunti, and Hazaribagh, confirms this advanced technological tradition. Processes such as bloomery furnaces, carburization, and crucible techniques were developed in this region, resulting in products like sponge iron and Wootz steel. This metallurgical tradition was not confined merely to local needs but also promoted regional trade and economic activities. Colonial intervention, forest laws, and the influx of cheap imported goods led to the decline of this tradition, adversely affecting the cultural and economic structure of tribal communities. Abstract in Hindi Language: 1200 से 1750 ईस्वी के मध्य झारखंड में धातुकर्म तकनीकों का उल्लेखनीय विकास हुआ, जो स्थानीय जनजातीय ज्ञान, प्राकृतिक संसाधनों और सांस्कृतिक परंपराओं पर आधारित था। असुर, बिरहोर, लोहार एवं अगरिया समुदायों ने पारंपरिक भट्टियों, बांस की धौंकनी तथा चारकोल के उपयोग से लौह अयस्क को 1100°C से 1300°C तक के तापमान पर गलाकर उच्च गुणवत्ता का लोहा उत्पादित किया। साथ ही, ढोकरा कला के माध्यम से तांबा एवं कांसे की वस्तुओं का निर्माण भी किया जाता था। पुरातात्विक साक्ष्य जैसे सिंहभूम, रांची, खूंटी और हजारीबाग क्षेत्रों में प्राप्त भट्टियों के अवशेष, स्लैग के टीले तथा धातु उपकरण इस उन्नत तकनीकी परंपरा की पुष्टि करते हैं। ब्लूमरी भट्टी, कार्बराइजेशन और क्रूसिबल तकनीक जैसी प्रक्रियाएँ इस क्षेत्र में विकसित थीं, जिनसे स्पंज आयरन और वूट्ज़ इस्पात जैसे उत्पाद प्राप्त होते थे। यह धातुकर्म केवल स्थानीय आवश्यकताओं की पूर्ति तक सीमित नहीं था, बल्कि क्षेत्रीय व्यापार और आर्थिक गतिविधियों को भी प्रोत्साहित करता था। औपनिवेशिक हस्तक्षेप, वन कानूनों और सस्ते आयात के कारण इस परंपरा का पतन हुआ, जिससे जनजातीय समुदायों की सांस्कृतिक और आर्थिक संरचना प्रभावित हुई। Keywords: झारखंड, धातुकर्म, असुर जनजाति, ब्लूमरी भट्टी, ढोकरा कला, वूट्ज़ इस्पात, पुरातत्व, स्लैग, जनजातीय तकनीक, औपनिवेशिक प्रभाव
Digital literacy and its impact on education
Digital literacy is inevitable in today’s modern era. It refers to the ability to effectively and efficiently use digital technologies, tools and platforms to access, understand, create and communicate information. In today’s world, it goes beyond simply operating a computer or smart phone – it involves responsible online behavior, information verification, cyber safety, digital collaboration and the capacity to adapt to constantly evolving technologies. As societies become more knowledge-driven, digital literacy has emerged as a core life skill, equally important as the basic necessities of education. Digital literacy has transformed how teaching and learning take place. Classrooms are no longer restricted to textbooks, blackboards and physical spaces. Students can now access e-libraries, academic videos, interactive simulations, virtual labs and global learning communities. Teachers too, are empowered to use digital tools for presentations, assessments, personalized learning plans and real-time feedback. This shift encourages creativity, curiosity, independent research and collaborative problem-solving among learners. Digital literacy also promotes inclusion. Students in remote areas can assess lessons through online platforms, educational television and more mobile applications. During COVID-19 pandemic, it proved essential in ensuring continuity of education. However, it also highlighted challenges such as the digital divide, unequal internet access, lack of devices, and limited teacher training. Without addressing these gaps, digital literacy may widen educational inequality rather than reduce it. Digital literacy which is the theme of the present paper has changed the purpose and process of education; it prepares the students for future careers, strengthens critical thinking and empowers individuals to participate confidently in a digital society.
Impact of Motivation on Employee Performance
Employee motivation is a crucial factor in achieving organizational success. Employees who are well motivated usually exhibit greater productivity, stronger dedication, higher work quality, and healthier relationships at the workplace. This study explores the effect of motivation on employee performance by analyzing theoretical concepts, internal and external motivational factors, and organizational practices that improve performance results. The research follows a descriptive approach using secondary data gathered from books, journals, reports, and academic articles. The findings reveal that motivation has a positive effect on employee efficiency, attendance, involvement, creativity, and retention. While both financial and non-financial rewards play an important role, long-term performance is more closely linked with recognition, career advancement, supportive leadership, and meaningful job roles. The study concludes that organizations should develop balanced motivational systems to enhance employee performance.
Role of Higher Education Students in Achieving SDG4 (Quality Education): The Thematic Study
Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) play an integral part in achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 4) related to “achieving inclusive and equitable quality education and promoting lifelong learning for all”. This research aimed to analyses multiple sources, such as policy documents, the literature, and higher education institutional reports and best practice sources, to identify trends and commonly shared themes, with the goal of providing theme-wise results for individuals to help meet SDG 4. The thematic analysis of this research identifies numerous issues surrounding access to education for marginalized or disadvantaged groups, equity, inclusiveness, and the quality of teaching and learning through curriculum development, outcome-based education, and the use of technology in teaching and learning. The research also identifies themes related to research and innovation at HEIs serving as knowledge hubs to provide evidence-based solutions for various issues in education, and therefore contribute to data-driven policy-making. It also identifies the importance of the training and education of teachers as essential factors in improving the quality of the education system overall. The importance of lifelong learning to promote open and distance learning, skills development, and online learning demonstrates the changing roles of HEIs in contributing to SDG 4.
Tourism-Led Economic Growth in Gaya city and Bodhgaya: An Analysis of Income Generation and Service Sector Development
This study examines tourism-led economic growth in Gaya and Bodhgaya, focusing on the role of urbanization, infrastructure development, and service sector expansion. The analysis highlights how improved transportation networks, including national and district roads, have enhanced accessibility to major religious destinations, thereby increasing tourist inflow. The growth of micro and small service enterprises such as hotels, travel services, and restaurants reflects the expanding tourism economy, particularly in Bodhgaya. The study also evaluates foreign exchange earnings from 1991 to 2023, revealing long-term growth trends with fluctuations due to global and regional factors, including the COVID-19 pandemic. A sharp decline in 2020 was followed by significant recovery in subsequent years, demonstrating the resilience of the tourism sector. Overall, the findings indicate that infrastructure development and service sector growth play a crucial role in sustaining tourism-driven economic development in the region.
Social Realism and the Development of Discursive Perspective in Contemporary Hindi Novels
In Hindi literature, the development of the novel as a literary form has been viewed through the interrelationship of social realism, historical consciousness, and cultural complexities. Contemporary Hindi novels represent the latest stage in the developmental journey of this genre, which not only experiments innovatively at the level of subject matter and structure but also creates a discursive ground at the level of ideology and perspective. Contemporary novels emerged within the socio-cultural context of independent India, where various dimensions such as democracy, identity, class struggle, gender inequality, caste oppression, displacement, consumerism, globalization, and postmodern consciousness have remained active. Contemporary Hindi novels not only reflect the realities of life but also critique and reinterpret them while incorporating marginalized, oppressed, and excluded sections of society into the literary mainstream. Contemporary novelists have moved beyond traditional realism and incorporated psychological, existentialist, and multicultural perspectives. From the perspective of language and style as well, these novels adopt new structures and mediums, breaking the framework of traditional narratives and opening possibilities for multidimensional readings. Abstract in Hindi Language: हिंदी साहित्य में उपन्यास विधा का विकास सामाजिक यथार्थ, ऐतिहासिक चेतना एवं सांस्कृतिक जटिलताओं के अंतर्संबंधों के रूप में देखा गया है। समकालीन हिंदी उपन्यास इस विधा की विकास यात्रा का नवीनतम सोपान है, जो न केवल विषयवस्तु और संरचना के स्तर पर नवीन प्रयोग करता है, बल्कि विचारधारा और दृष्टिकोण के स्तर पर भी एक विमर्शात्मक भूमि निर्मित करता है। समकालीन उपन्यास का उद्भव स्वतंत्र भारत के उस सामाजिक-सांस्कृतिक परिप्रेक्ष्य में हुआ है, जहाँ लोकतंत्र, अस्मिता, वर्ग-संघर्ष, लैंगिक असमानता, जातीय दमन, विस्थापन, उपभोक्तावाद, वैश्वीकरण तथा उत्तर आधुनिकतावादी चेतना के विविध आयाम सक्रिय रहे हैं। समकालीन हिंदी उपन्यास न केवल जीवन-यथार्थ को प्रतिबिंबित करता है, बल्कि उसकी आलोचना एवं पुनर्व्याख्या करते हुए समाज के वंचित, पीड़ित एवं हाशिए के वर्गों को साहित्यिक मुख्यधारा में समाहित करता है। समकालीन उपन्यासकारों ने पारंपरिक यथार्थवाद से आगे बढ़ते हुए मनोवैज्ञानिक, अस्तित्ववादी और बहुसांस्कृतिक दृष्टिकोणों को समाहित किया है। भाषा एवं शिल्प की दृष्टि से भी यह उपन्यास नई संरचनाओं और माध्यमों को अपनाकर पारंपरिक आख्यान के ढाँचे को तोड़ते हैं, और बहुध्रुवीय पाठ की संभावना को उद्घाटित करते हैं। Keywords: समकालीन उपन्यास यथार्थवाद सामाजिक परिवर्तन स्त्री विमर्श दलित विमर्श आदिवासी विमर्श वैश्वीकरण साहित्यिक संवेदना
Post-Cold War India-US Relations: Challenges and the Way Forward
The present research analyzes the development, current nature, major challenges, and future prospects of India-US relations. During the Cold War period, relations between the two countries were limited and marked by mistrust, as India followed a policy of non-alignment while the United States leaned towards Pakistan. After the end of the Cold War and India’s economic liberalization in the 1990s, bilateral relations began to improve. In 2000, the visit of US President Bill Clinton to India gave a new direction to the relationship and initiated strategic dialogue. At present, in the economic sphere, the United States has become India’s major trading partner. Bilateral trade reached 132 billion dollars in 2024-25. Cooperation has expanded beyond trade to areas such as clean energy, digital economy, health, and emerging technologies. Cooperation in AI, quantum computing, and 5G, along with initiatives like iCET, demonstrates the importance of technological partnership. At the geopolitical level, China’s growing influence has brought India and the United States closer to each other. Through forums such as the “Quad,” both countries are increasing cooperation in the Indo-Pacific region. However, despite these deepening relations, several challenges remain. The most significant issue is CAATSA, under which India faces the threat of sanctions for purchasing defense equipment such as the S-400 from Russia. In addition, trade disputes, tariffs, intellectual property rights (IPR), data localization, and visa policies are also causes of tension. For the future, both countries can enhance partnership in areas such as joint manufacturing, green energy, digital democracy, skill development, health security, and space cooperation. Cooperation in supply chains, technological innovation, and defense production can further strengthen the relationship. Abstract in Hindi Language: प्रस्तुत शोध भारत-अमेरिका संबंधों के विकास, वर्तमान स्वरूप, प्रमुख चुनौतियों तथा भविष्य की संभावनाओं का विश्लेषण करता है। शीत युद्ध काल में दोनों देशों के संबंध सीमित और अविश्वासपूर्ण थे, क्योंकि भारत गुटनिरपेक्ष नीति का अनुषरणकर्ता था जबकि अमेरिका का झुकाव पाकिस्तान की ओर था। 1990 के दशक में शीत युद्ध की समाप्ति और भारत के आर्थिक उदारीकरण के बाद द्विपक्षीय संबंधों में सुधार शुरू हुआ। वर्ष 2000 में अमेरिकी राष्ट्रपति बिल किं्लटन की भारत यात्रा ने संबंधों को नई दिशा दी और रणनीतिक संवाद की शुरुआत हुई। वर्तमान में आर्थिक क्षेत्र में अमेरिका भारत का प्रमुख व्यापारिक साझेदार बन चुका है। द्विपक्षीय व्यापार 2024-25 में 132 अरब डॉलर तक पहुंच गया। सहयोग केवल व्यापार तक सीमित न रहकर स्वच्छ ऊर्जा, डिजिटल अर्थव्यवस्था, स्वास्थ्य और उभरती प्रौद्योगिकियों जैसे क्षेत्रों तक विस्तारित हो गया है। AI क्वांटम कंप्यूटिंग और 5G में सहयोग, तथा iCET जैसी पहलें तकनीकी साझेदारी की महत्ता को दर्षाती है। भू-राजनीतिक, स्तर पर चीन के बढ़ते प्रभाव ने भारत और अमेरिका को एक-दूसरे के करीब लाया है। ‘‘क्वाड’’ जैसे मंचों के माध्यम से दोनों देष हिंद-प्रषांत क्षेत्र में सहयोग बढ़ा रहे हैं। हालांकि, इन प्रगाढ़ संबंधों के बावजूद कई चुनौतियाँ मौजूद है। सबसे प्रमुख मुद्दा CAATSA है, जिसके तहत रूस से S400 जैसे रक्षा उपकरण खरीदने पर भारत पर प्रतिबंध् का खतरा बना रहता है। इसके अतिरिक्त, व्यापारिक विवाद, टैरिफ, बौद्धिक संपदा अधिकार (IPR), डेटा स्थानीयकरण और वीज़ा नीतियाँ भी तनाव के कारण हैं। भविष्य के लिए, दोनों देश संयुक्त विनिर्माण, हरित ऊर्जा, डिजिटल लोकतंत्र, कौशल विकास, स्वास्थ्य सुरक्षा और अंतरिक्ष सहयोग जैसे क्षेत्रों में साझेदारी बढ़ा सकते हैं। आपूर्ति श्रृंखला, तकनीकी नवाचार और रक्षा उत्पादन में सहयोग से संबंध और मजबूत हो सकते हैं। Keywords: शीत युद्द ,परमाणु समझौता , रणनीतिक संवाद, टैरिफ विवाद ,बौद्दिक संपदा अधिकार, रणनीतिक स्वायत्ता।
Digital Addiction in India: A Comprehensive Review of Smartphone, Internet and Social Media Use among Undergraduate Students
Digital overuse has emerged as a growing behavioural health issue worldwide, with India witnessing a particularly rapid escalation in problematic engagement with digital technologies. This review synthesizes existing literature on digital addiction, focusing on three prominent forms of excessive technology use among Indian youth: smartphone addiction, internet addiction and social media addiction. Across studies, high levels of digital engagement are consistently associated with psychological difficulties such as anxiety, depressive symptoms, sleep disruption and declining academic performance. The review further consolidates evidence on prevalence rates, psychosocial risk factors and intervention strategies identified in Indian research. Overall, the findings emphasize the urgent need for preventive initiatives, institutional support mechanisms and targeted counselling services to encourage healthier digital habits among adolescents and young adults in India.
A GIS-Based Systematic Soil Sampling Approach Using Landscape Ecological Units (LEUs) for Soil Characterization in Alipurduar District, West Bengal, India
Soil sampling plays a crucial role in accurate soil characterization and sustainable land resource management, particularly in regions exhibiting significant spatial variability. The present study proposes a GIS-based systematic soil sampling approach using Landscape Ecological Units (LEUs) for improved representation of soil variability in Alipurduar District. The study integrates key environmental parameters, including Land Use/Land Cover (LULC), slope, and physiography, derived through Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System techniques, to delineate homogeneous ecological units. The resulting LEUs effectively capture the spatial heterogeneity of the landscape by reflecting variations in terrain, land use, and geomorphological conditions. Compared to conventional sampling methods such as random, grid-based, and stratified approaches, the LEU-based framework provides a more process-oriented and representative sampling design. This method reduces redundancy in homogeneous areas while ensuring adequate sampling in heterogeneous zones, thereby improving sampling efficiency and accuracy. The results demonstrate that soil variability in the study area is strongly influenced by physiographic transitions from plains to piedmont and hilly regions. The LEU-based sampling approach aligns sampling strategies with natural environmental variability, leading to more reliable soil characterization. Overall, the study highlights the effectiveness of integrating geospatial techniques with process-based sampling design, offering a scientifically robust, cost-effective, and scalable methodology for soil sampling in heterogeneous landscapes.
The medicinal effect of Nerium indicum in wound healing
Nerium indicum (commonly known as oleander) is a medicinal plant traditionally used in various herbal systems for treating skin disorders and wounds. This study aims to evaluate the wound-healing potential of Nerium indicum through its phytochemical constituents and pharmacological properties. The plant contains bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and glycosides, which are known for their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. These compounds contribute to accelerating the wound-healing process by reducing microbial infection, promoting collagen synthesis, and enhancing tissue regeneration. Experimental observations indicate that extracts of Nerium indicum may improve wound contraction, epithelialization, and overall healing rate. The findings suggest that Nerium indicum has significant therapeutic potential as a natural agent for wound management. However, further clinical studies and toxicity evaluations are necessary to ensure its safe and effective application in modern medicine.
Colonial Encounters, Resistance, and Negotiation: The Adi Community and British Expansion in Northeast India
The colonial encounter between the British administration and the Adi community of present-day Arunachal Pradesh represents one of the most complex frontier interactions in Northeast Indian history. Unlike the plains of India, British expansion in the hill regions was neither immediate nor uniform, but unfolded through phases of conciliation, conflict, punitive expeditions, and eventual political incorporation. This paper offers a comprehensive historical analysis of Adi–British relations from the pre-colonial Ahom period to the end of British rule in India. It examines the political, economic, and cultural foundations of Adi society, the continuity and rupture between Ahom and British frontier policies, the role of trade and intermediaries, and the impact of colonial rule on indigenous autonomy. The study further situates Adi resistance within the broader context of Indian nationalism and frontier governance. The paper argues that the Adis were active historical agents who strategically negotiated, resisted, and adapted to colonial expansion while striving to preserve their socio-political autonomy.
Livelihood Alternatives among the Urban Poor
Urban areas are characterised by higher population density. People are largely into non-agricultural occupations. They comprise a mixed lot of native inhabitants and migrants from near and far. The traditional family bonding is weak, and impersonal relations are prominent. Despite these, they are all engaged in productive work across various sectors. A large chunk of hardcore urbanites is engaged in industrial jobs, or as employees in commercial activities and businesses, and administrative and executive personnel. Those who fall outside this circle constitute a large number who are not equipped to become the hardcore urbanite. They are a peripheral population engaged in supportive services and are differently skilled when compared to a core urbanite. Economic pressures and the urban ecosystem force them to fit into sundry jobs. Many such opportunities emerge as livelihood alternatives. Such are the street vendors, petty shops and eateries, the self-employed and vagrant sellers. In their hard run, they look for jobs that earn them a living, support their family and ensure their existence. The consumer demands of urbanites are met by a mushrooming number of establishments, such as hotels, cinemas, stores, and showrooms. They also employ a large workforce. All of them together co-exist in the struggle to be identified as urbanites. The attempt here is to examine some of the livelihood alternatives among those who are pressured to eke out a living yet remain identified as urbanites. Their work and livelihood are inseparable from the mainstream urban population and remain confined to it.
Social Media in a Social Perspective: An Overview
Social media is an influential tool of the modern digital age that gives a new direction to relationships between individuals and society. It enables fast communication, easy sharing of information, and exchange of ideas among people. Through social media, individuals can present their identity and opinions to a global audience, thereby strengthening freedom of expression. From a social perspective, social media serves as a powerful medium for spreading awareness in society. Various social movements, campaigns, and public awareness programs reach people more quickly through it. It also plays an important role in the fields of education, business, and entertainment. However, it also has certain negative impacts. False information and rumors spread rapidly, creating misunderstandings and conflicts in society. Excessive use can affect mental health, leading individuals toward isolation. Additionally, privacy and data security remain major concerns. Therefore, it is essential to use social media responsibly and wisely, so that its positive effects can be enhanced and its negative impacts minimized. Abstract in Gujarati Language: સોશ્યલ મીડિયા આજના ડિજિટલ યુગનું એક અસરકારક સાધન છે, જે વ્યક્તિઓ અને સમાજ વચ્ચેના સંબંધોને નવી દિશા આપે છે. તે લોકો વચ્ચે ઝડપી સંચાર, માહિતી વહેંચણી અને વિચારોના આદાન-પ્રદાનને સરળ બનાવે છે. સોશ્યલ મીડિયા દ્વારા વ્યક્તિ પોતાની ઓળખ અને અભિપ્રાયને વિશ્વભરમાં રજૂ કરી શકે છે, જેના કારણે અભિવ્યક્તિની સ્વતંત્રતા મજબૂત બને છે. સામાજિક દૃષ્ટિએ સોશ્યલ મીડિયા સમાજમાં જાગૃતિ ફેલાવવાનું શક્તિશાળી માધ્યમ છે. વિવિધ સામાજિક આંદોલનો, અભિયાન અને જનજાગૃતિ કાર્યક્રમો તેના દ્વારા વધુ ઝડપથી લોકો સુધી પહોંચે છે. તે શિક્ષણ, વ્યવસાય અને મનોરંજન ક્ષેત્રે પણ મહત્વપૂર્ણ ભૂમિકા ભજવે છે. પરંતુ તેના કેટલાક નકારાત્મક પ્રભાવ પણ છે. ખોટી માહિતી અને અફવાઓ ઝડપથી ફેલાય છે, જે સમાજમાં ગેરસમજ અને વિવાદ ઊભા કરે છે. તેનો વધુ ઉપયોગ માનસિક સ્વાસ્થ્ય પર અસર કરી શકે છે, જે વ્યક્તિને એકલતા તરફ દોરી શકે છે. ઉપરાંત, ગોપનીયતા અને ડેટા સુરક્ષા પણ એક મોટો પડકાર છે. આથી, સોશ્યલ મીડિયાનો જવાબદારીપૂર્વક અને સમજદારીથી ઉપયોગ કરવો જરૂરી છે, જેથી તેના સકારાત્મક પ્રભાવને વધારી અને નકારાત્મક અસરોને ઓછા કરી શકાય. Keywords: સોશ્યલ મીડિયા, સામાજિક પરિપ્રેક્ષ્ય, સંચાર માધ્યમો, ગ્લોબલ વિલેજ, પ્રત્યાયન
Prakriti and the Ethics of Living: An IKS (Indian Knowledge Systems) Perspective
This paper examines the ethical and philosophical relationship between humans and nature through the lens of Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS), foregrounding the concept of Prakriti as central to life formation and ecological consciousness. Drawing upon classical Indian texts such as the Rigveda, epics, and Puranas, the study demonstrates how early Indian thought conceptualized nature as sacred, self-sustaining, and integral to human existence. It traces the transition from a reverential engagement with nature to its commodification in the modern era, highlighting the ecological crisis resulting from this shift. The paper further engages with contemporary educational reforms, particularly the National Education Policy 2020, to argue for the reintegration of ecological ethics through IKS-based pedagogy. By emphasizing experiential learning, holistic value systems, and interdisciplinary approaches, the study proposes a framework for restoring human–nature harmony. Ultimately, it contends that sustainable living and the survival of humanity depend upon re-establishing this ethical and symbiotic relationship with nature.
Cyclic and Hypercyclic Operators in Linear Dynamics
Linear dynamics studies the orbit structure of continuous linear operators on infinite-dimensional topological vector spaces, bridging functional analysis with topological dynamics. This exposition examines the hierarchy of cyclic-like behavior, ranging from cyclic operators—where the linear span of a single vector’s orbit is dense—to supercyclic and hypercyclic operators, which impose progressively stronger density conditions on the orbit itself without linear combinations. Fundamental properties are established: hypercyclicity requires infinite-dimensional separable spaces and implies topological transitivity, while the set of hypercyclic vectors forms a dense G_δ set. The Hypercyclicity Criterion is presented as the primary tool for verifying hypercyclicity, with applications to weighted backward shifts (e.g., Rolewicz’s operator) and composition operators. Key distinctions are highlighted: cyclic does not imply supercyclic, nor supercyclic hypercyclic, as shown by backward shift counterexamples. The phenomenon of power cyclicity reveals that cyclicity is not preserved under taking powers unless hypercyclicity holds (Ansari’s Theorem, 1997). Related notions include frequently hypercyclic operators, which require positive lower density of orbit visits to open sets, and Devaney chaotic operators, which add dense periodic points to hypercyclicity. Together, these concepts demonstrate how simple deterministic linear rules can generate complex, unpredictable behavior, offering a linear analogue to nonlinear topological transitivity while connecting deeply to the invariant subspace problem.
Effectiveness of Motivational Package on Academic Motivation and Performance Among Nursing Students: A Randamized Controlled Trial
Background: In education, academic motivation both intrinsic and extrinsic plays a critical role in student engagement, learning strategies, and achievement. However, challenges such as low engagement, academic stress, and fluctuating motivation continue to hinder outcomes. To address this, the present study evaluated the effectiveness of a Motivational package in improving academic motivation and performance among nursing students. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted with 80 nursing students, equally divided into control and intervention groups. Baseline socio-demographic and academic variables were assessed, including age, domicile, parental education, medium of instruction, prior academic performance, and self-confidence. The intervention group received a two-week MEP comprising lectures, presentations, time and stress management strategies, positive behaviour therapy, videos, group activities, and humour/laughter therapy. Academic motivation was measured using the AMS-C 28 scale, alongside amotivation and academic performance indicators. Pre-tests and post tests were administered to both groups. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, paired t-tests, and independent t-tests. Results: Baseline characteristics were comparable between groups except for age (p = 0.001). Pre-intervention, most students demonstrated average to good motivation and performance. Post-intervention, the intervention group showed a significant increase in motivation scores (118.30 ± 19.27 vs. 131.53 ± 11.53; p < 0.001) and a reduction in amotivation (11.35 ± 5.45 vs. 8.53 ± 1.80; p = 0.007). Good academic performance rose from 27.5% to 60%, while level of perceived performance improved from 55% to 75%. The control group showed no significant changes. Between-group comparisons revealed significant post-test differences in motivation and amotivation (p = 0.001). Correlations between motivation and performance were weak and non-significant. Conclusion: The motivational package effectively improved academic motivation and performance among nursing students, highlighting its potential as a structured intervention to support early undergraduate learning.
Naming the Unnamed: The Plurality of Dakkhinī Hindī's Appellations and Its Implications for Vernacular Identity in the Deccan (14th–17th Century)
Dakkhinī Hindī was a Khaṛī Bolī-based literary language that developed in the Deccan region of India from the fourteenth to the seventeenth century. Throughout its history it was known by seven distinct appellations—hindavī, dehalavī, gujarī, bhākhā, hindī, dakkhinī, and rekhtā. Previous scholarship has generally treated this plurality of names as terminological inconsistency or classificatory disorder among scholars. The present paper reinterprets the phenomenon as the product of multiple communities assigning distinct identities to the same language within the pluralistic historical space of the Deccan. By sequentially analysing four historical phases—the bilingual structure of the Bahmani Sultanate (1347–1527), the regional fragmentation of the successor sultanates (1490–1580), the proselytic strategies of Sufi orders, and the official institutionalisation under the Quṭb Shāhī golden age (1580–1687)—the paper demonstrates that each appellation was bound to a specific dynasty, community, or social function. Dakkhinī Hindī is thereby redefined not as the product of a single language community but as a multilayered linguistic space formed through the intersection of plural political, religious, and commercial networks. The methodology is a literature review, combining analysis of primary-source usages preserved in Khusro (2004) with historical-source analysis drawing on Sherwani (1953), Eaton (1978, 2005, 2019), and Guha (2004).
Effectiveness of Integrated Sleep Intervention Strategies on Quality of Sleep among the Elderly at Selected Old Age Homes
Background: Sleep disturbances are common among the elderly, particularly those residing in old age homes, and negatively affect health and quality of life. Pharmacological treatments often carry risks, making non pharmacological strategies safer alternatives. This study evaluated the effectiveness of integrated visual, auditory, and foot reflexology (VAF) strategies on sleep quality among elderly residents in selected old age homes. Methods: A quasi experimental design was adopted with 60 elderly participants (30 control, 30 intervention) selected through purposive sampling. Inclusion criteria were age ≥60 years, residence in the old age home ≥1 year, and self reported sleep disturbances. The intervention group received integrated VAF sessions (guided imagery, calming music, foot reflexology) for 30–40 minutes, five times per week, for four weeks. Sleep quality was assessed at three time points (pretest, post test 1, post test 2) using standardized tools. Statistical analyses included chi square tests, repeated measures ANOVA, and post hoc comparisons. Results: Sleep quality remained unchanged in the control group (pretest mean=14.93±3.83; post test 1 mean=14.60±3.51; post test 2 mean=14.63±3.46; p>0.05). In contrast, the intervention group showed significant improvement (pretest mean=16.00±3.20; post test 1 mean=11.10±2.09; post test 2 mean=8.20±1.58; p<0.001). Post hoc analysis confirmed differences between all pairs. By post test 2, 40% of the intervention group reported good sleep compared to none in the control group. Conclusion: Integrated VAF strategies significantly improved sleep quality among elderly residents. Findings highlight the potential of multimodal, culturally adaptable, non pharmacological interventions to promote sleep health and enhance well being in geriatric populations.
Integrated Sleep Intervention Strategies
Various Dimensions of Epochal Consciousness in Hindi Literature: An Analytical Perspective
Epochal consciousness refers to the collective social, cultural, political, and economic awareness that reflects the conditions, values, and ideologies of a particular historical period. Literature, while being a mirror of society, also acts as an active agent of social change; therefore, the literature produced in different eras clearly reveals the consciousness and sensibilities of its time. This study undertakes a comparative and analytical examination of the major periods of Hindi literature—Adikal (early period), Bhaktikal (devotional period), Ritikal (classical/courtly period), modern period, and contemporary literature—to demonstrate how the social structure, cultural trends, and ideological conflicts of each era are expressed through literary works. In the Bhakti period, religious and spiritual consciousness is predominant; in the Ritikal period, aesthetic and courtly tendencies are prominent; and in the modern period, nationalism, social reform, and realism emerge as significant expressions of epochal consciousness. Abstract in Sanskrit Language: युगचेतना से आशय उस सामूहिक सामाजिक, सांस्कृतिक, राजनीतिक तथा आर्थिक चेतना से है, जो किसी विशेष कालखंड की परिस्थितियों, मूल्यों और विचारधाराओं को अभिव्यक्त करती है। साहित्य, समाज का दर्पण होने के साथ-साथ उसके परिवर्तन का सक्रिय साधन भी है; अतः विभिन्न युगों में रचित साहित्य में तत्कालीन युगबोध और चेतना के स्पष्ट संकेत प्राप्त होते हैं। इस अध्ययन में हिंदी साहित्य के प्रमुख कालखंडों—आदिकाल, भक्तिकाल, रीतिकाल, आधुनिक काल तथा समकालीन साहित्य—का तुलनात्मक एवं विश्लेषणात्मक परीक्षण किया गया है, जिससे यह स्पष्ट किया जा सके कि प्रत्येक युग की सामाजिक संरचना, सांस्कृतिक प्रवृत्तियाँ और वैचारिक संघर्ष साहित्य में किस प्रकार अभिव्यक्त हुए हैं। भक्तिकाल में धार्मिक एवं आध्यात्मिक चेतना, रीतिकाल में सौंदर्यपरक एवं दरबारी प्रवृत्तियाँ, तथा आधुनिक काल में राष्ट्रीयता, सामाजिक सुधार और यथार्थवाद की प्रवृत्तियाँ युगचेतना के महत्वपूर्ण रूपों के रूप में सामने आती हैं। Keywords: युगचेतना, हिंदी साहित्य, सामाजिक चेतना, सांस्कृतिक परिप्रेक्ष्य, राजनीतिक चेतना, ऐतिहासिक विकास, आधुनिकता, समकालीन विमर्श, यथार्थवाद, साहित्य-समाज संबंध।
Constructing Ancient India: Colonial Archaeology, the ASI, and the Reconfiguration of Historical Identity
This study examines the colonial perspectives embedded in the founding and early operations of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) during the nineteenth-century British Raj. The establishment of the ASI in 1861 was closely linked to the archaeological vision of its first director, Alexander Cunningham, who combined the philological traditions of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (ASB) with imperial practices of geographical surveying to document India’s material past. The study argues that the ASI’s early activities disproportionately focused on identifying Buddhist sites based on Chinese pilgrims’ travel accounts, thereby privileging a particular material narrative of Indian history. Although these efforts contributed significantly to the institutional foundations of modern Indian archaeology, they were shaped by the ideological imperatives of colonial governance. The findings suggest that the ASI constructed a colonial representation of ancient India by equating the “ancient” with “Buddhist,” marginalizing the continuity of Hindu traditions. This framework depicted India as a stagnant civilization that reached its peak under Buddhism and subsequently declined, implying that historical transformation required external intervention. Ultimately, the study contends that the ASI’s early archaeological discourse functioned as an instrument of imperial representation, reframing India’s identity from “eternal” to “malleable” in order to legitimize Western influence and colonial rule.
Teenagers' Self-Esteem and Self-Efficacy as Defenses Against Stress and Anxiety
Adolescence is a crucial developmental period marked by quick biological, psychological, and social changes that frequently expose people to a variety of stresses, including peer pressure, parental expectations, academic pressure, and identity-related difficulties. These stressors frequently contribute to psychological difficulties, particularly stress and anxiety. Self-efficacy and self-esteem as protective psychological variables that assist teenagers in managing stress and anxiety is examined in this research. Self-efficacy is complete tasks and deal with difficult circumstances, whereas self-esteem is a person's assessment of their own value. According to earlier studies, teenagers who have better self-esteem typically exhibit more emotional stability. Strong self-efficacy beliefs also improve teenagers' self-esteem, drive, and coping skills, which lessens their susceptibility to psychological discomfort and worry. Research consistently shows robust inverse links between teenage stress and anxiety symptoms, self-efficacy, and self-esteem. The findings highlighted in this paper suggest that strengthening self-esteem and self-efficacy can play role in promoting mental well-being and reducing psychological problems during adolescence. Thus, educators, parents, and therapists ought to prioritize programs and strategies that cultivate strong self-image, assurance, and adaptive abilities in youth. Enhancing these psychological resources may contribute significantly to healthier emotional development and improved mental health outcomes in this vulnerable developmental stage.
Heer–Ranjha in the Haryanvi Ragni Tradition: A Cultural Analysis in the Light of Pingal Shastra (With Reference to Ragnis 23–28)
The present research paper analyzes Ragnis 23–28 of the Haryanvi Ragni tradition of Heer–Ranjha from literary, cultural, and Pingal Shastra perspectives. These ragnis represent the final stage of the narrative, where love evolves towards social acceptance, conflict, conspiracy, tragedy, and ultimately immortality. The objective of the study is to clarify that in the Haryanvi Ragni tradition, Heer–Ranjha is not merely presented as a love story, but as a representative narrative of folk memory, cultural values, and social structures. The present study is based on a qualitative and interpretative method, in which narrative, original ragni texts, and literary review have been analyzed in an integrated manner. On the basis of Pingal Shastra, the arrangement of matras, caesura, rhyme, alliteration, and rhythmic structure have been examined. Along with this, through the character of Heer, the expression of women’s consciousness, social constraints, and emotional resistance has also been studied. The study concludes that Ragnis 23–28 are not merely expressions of love, but also represent social contradictions, folk beliefs, cultural values, and spiritual experiences. The tragic end of the narrative immortalizes Heer–Ranjha in folk memory. Thus, the Haryanvi Ragni tradition is established as an important cultural heritage of Indian folk literature and oral tradition. Abstract in Hindi Language: प्रस्तुत शोध-पत्र में हीर–राँझा की हरियाणवी रागणी-परंपरा की रागणी 23–28 का साहित्यिक, सांस्कृतिक तथा पिंगल-शास्त्रीय दृष्टि से विश्लेषण किया गया है। ये रागणियाँ कथा के अंतिम चरण का प्रतिनिधित्व करती हैं, जहाँ प्रेम सामाजिक स्वीकृति, संघर्ष, षड्यंत्र, त्रासदी और अमरत्व की परिणति तक विकसित होता है। अध्ययन का उद्देश्य यह स्पष्ट करना है कि हरियाणवी रागणी-परंपरा में हीर–राँझा केवल प्रेमकथा के रूप में नहीं, बल्कि लोक-स्मृति, सांस्कृतिक मूल्यों और सामाजिक संरचनाओं के प्रतिनिधि आख्यान के रूप में उपस्थित है। प्रस्तुत शोध गुणात्मक एवं व्याख्यात्मक पद्धति पर आधारित है, जिसमें वृत्तांत, मूल रागणी-पाठ और साहित्यिक समीक्षा का समन्वित विश्लेषण किया गया है। पिंगल शास्त्र के आधार पर मात्रा-विन्यास, यति, तुकांत, अनुप्रास और लयात्मक संरचना का परीक्षण किया गया है। साथ ही, हीर के चरित्र के माध्यम से नारी-चेतना, सामाजिक बंधनों और भावात्मक प्रतिरोध की अभिव्यक्ति का अध्ययन भी किया गया है। अध्ययन से यह निष्कर्ष प्राप्त होता है कि रागणी 23–28 केवल प्रेम की अभिव्यक्ति नहीं हैं, बल्कि वे सामाजिक विडंबनाओं, लोक-आस्थाओं, सांस्कृतिक मूल्यों और आध्यात्मिक अनुभवों का भी प्रतिनिधित्व करती हैं। कथा का त्रासद अंत हीर–राँझा को लोक-स्मृति में अमर बनाता है। इस प्रकार, हरियाणवी रागणी-परंपरा भारतीय लोक-साहित्य और मौखिक परंपरा की एक महत्त्वपूर्ण सांस्कृतिक धरोहर के रूप में स्थापित होती है। Keywords: हीर–राँझा, हरियाणवी रागणी, पिंगल शास्त्र, लोक साहित्य, सांस्कृतिक अध्ययन, नारी-चेतना, लोकनाट्य
Convergence of Artificial and Business Intelligence in FinTech: A Quantitative Analysis of Stakeholder Insights on Trust, Risk, and Financial Innovation
With an emphasis on how important elements, perceived risk, system openness, and trust in AI-BI systems affect stakeholder perceptions of financial innovation, this study clarifies the confluence of AI and business intelligence in the FinTech industry. Data was gathered from 248 middle and senior-level individuals working in the FinTech and AI domains using a quantitative research design. The findings showed that stakeholder perception was significantly improved by all three independent variables, with trust acting as the most powerful predictor. The study supports the growing significance of explainability, risk communication, and principled AI practices in endorsing the adoption of innovations. These results advance the theoretical knowledge of technology adoption in data-driven financial services and render useful information for developers, FinTech companies, and legislators looking to boost confidence and lessen opposition to AI-BI-powered advances.
Yoga Darśana in the Modern Perspective: A Philosophical Study
Yoga Darśana is one of the most significant systems of Indian philosophy, which primarily aims at the cessation of the modifications of the mind (citta-vṛtti-nirodha) and the realization of the true nature of the self. The term ‘Yoga’ is derived from the Sanskrit root yuj, meaning union, concentration, or discipline. However, in the philosophical sense, Yoga refers to the control and restraint of the mental modifications. Maharshi Patañjali systematized the Yoga Darśana in his renowned text, the Yoga Sūtra, which is divided into four chapters: Samādhi Pāda, Sādhana Pāda, Vibhūti Pāda, and Kaivalya Pāda. These chapters respectively deal with the nature of Yoga, the methods of practice, the yogic powers (vibhūti), and the final liberation known as Kaivalya. In Yoga Darśana, citta (mind) and its modifications play a central role. The modifications of the mind are five in number: Pramāṇa (valid knowledge), Viparyaya (misconception), Vikalpa (imagination), Nidrā (sleep), and Smṛti (memory). The control of these mental modifications is the main objective of Yoga. This control can be achieved through practice (abhyāsa) and detachment (vairāgya). The disturbances of the mind are caused by five afflictions (kleśas), namely Avidyā, Asmitā, Rāga, Dveṣa, and Abhiniveśa, which are responsible for human suffering. The attainment of Samādhi is the ultimate goal of Yoga practice. For this purpose, Patañjali prescribed the eightfold path of Yoga known as Aṣṭāṅga Yoga, which includes Yama, Niyama, Āsana, Prāṇāyāma, Pratyāhāra, Dhāraṇā, Dhyāna, and Samādhi. Through the practice of these eight limbs, mental purification, concentration, and self-realization become possible. In the present age, Yoga Darśana is highly relevant as it helps in reducing mental stress, developing self-control, and attaining mental peace and spiritual upliftment. Therefore, Yoga Darśana is not only a philosophical system but also a practical path of life.
Vertex Antimagic Edge Slither Labeling of Nigh Complete Bipartite Graph
Graphs are simple structures that are easy to understand and fathom. Graphs can be classified into different types based on their structure one such type is the bipartite graph. A nigh complete bipartite graph or a nigh graph is an adaptation of a bipartite graph that is defined as Km, n + e1 + e2 such that the graph becomes a complete bipartite graph when the two edges e1 and e2 are removed. In this paper, the approval of vertex antimagic edge slither labeling to nigh complete bipartite graph is established.
Articulating Feminist Consciousness in Contemporary Indian English Fiction: A Study of Women Novelists
Feminism refers to the advocacy of women’s rights aimed at eliminating social, economic, and political inequalities, and it is grounded in the belief that women should have equal opportunities and status as men. While the term “female” denotes biological identity, “feminine” reflects socially constructed roles shaped by cultural expectations. In the Indian context, feminist thought has developed through engagement with entrenched social practices such as unequal inheritance laws and customs like sati, and unlike Western feminist movements, early reform initiatives in India were initially led by male reformers before being actively advanced by women. Feminism in Indian English literature has emerged as a powerful medium for expressing women’s experiences, often bringing to light issues that have traditionally remained silenced within patriarchal structures. Indian English women novelists have explored a wide range of themes including identity, domestic oppression, gender inequality, and the search for autonomy through diverse literary forms. Writers such as Kamala Das examine the emotional and psychological struggles of women, while Shashi Deshpande portrays the inner conflicts shaped by societal expectations. Anita Desai focuses on the existential dilemmas of women, and Bapsi Sidhwa highlights socio-economic realities within specific communities. Similarly, Kamala Markandaya explores cultural tensions, and Shobhaa De presents images of modern, independent women who challenge traditional norms. Collectively, these writers demonstrate a strong engagement with gender issues and contribute significantly to the discourse on equality, identity, and women’s empowerment in Indian English literature.
Geographical Analysis of Soils of Pat Area of Lohardaga District
Lohardaga district is situated between 23°30' 23°40' north latitude to 84°40'-84°50' east longitude. This research paper is based on primary sources of data to represent different aspects of soils of Lohardaga district with the help of samples of soils taken from different villages of the district and analysed by soil scientists of Birsa Agriculture University, Ranchi. Sampling technique has been used for collecting soil samples for chemical analysis. On the whole it is clear from the samples of the village that soil reaction tends to be more and more acidic as one move from lower level, i.e. from Don to Tanr. Soil in the sample villages of Pat area is red sandy or brownish to reddish yellow on the high pebbly uplands to gray or dark grey in the low clayey Don lands with shallow depth & poor soil structure. Major constraints for agriculture development in these Pat region sample villages are soil having low organic matter, shallow soil depth, low water retention capacity, low fertility, poor soil structure, soil erosion and loss of nutrients and organic matters with run-off water.
Infrastructure as a Force Multiplier: A Strategic Analysis of BRO Roads Network and Military Logistics in Himachal Pradesh
High-altitude border infrastructure warrants consideration as an instrument of critical force multiplier that increases the ability of the military to be mobile, sustaining and ready to act. This paper discusses the strategic value of a road network, the Border Roads Organisation (BRO), road network within Himachal Pradesh, an important industry of the Indian northern frontier. It adopts a qualitative mixed-methods approach, drawing on secondary literature, policy reports, and case study analysis. The paper assesses the role of the road and tunnel infrastructure in the military logistics under the extreme terrain condition. The problem of the research is the conflict between the deepening of the strategic continuity and the limitations of weak Himalayan geography, such as landslides, avalanches, and seasonal destabilization. Results show that the BRO infrastructure has a great impact on cutting response time by a huge margin, improvement of accessing it all year long and increasing logistical efficiency thus intensifying force projection. But long-standing resilience weak spots, including vulnerability of infrastructure, maintenance issues and incompetence in governance, constrain its performance as a continuously enhancing force multiplier. The paper goes on to point out socio-environmental trade-offs that are coupled with infrastructure development at a high-speed. The policy implications have included the idea that the engineering solutions should be resilient; the civil-military planning undertakings should be combined with the infrastructure governance based on the life-cycle to guarantee the existence of the high-altitude environments in operational terms.