RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary
type: channel
description: हिंदी में पढ़ें | ગુજરાતી માટે ક્લિક કરો RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary is a double-blind peer-reviewed, open-access academic journal committed to advancing knowledge across a wide spectrum of disciplines through multidisciplinary research. The journal serves as a platform for scholars, practitioners, and researchers from diverse academic backgrounds to publish original and high-quality work that bridges disciplinary boundaries and fosters innovative thinking. The journal welcomes submissions in multiple languages — English, Hindi, and Gujarati — to promote inclusive academic communication and support linguistic diversity in global scholarship. Journal Information Journal Start Year: January 2016 Journal Title: RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary ISSN (Online): 2455-3085 Impact Factor: 6.93 Crossref DOI: 10.31305/rrijm Frequency of Publication: Monthly (12 Issues per Year) Languages: English, Hindi, Gujarati Accessibility: Open Access Peer Review Process: Double Blind Peer Review Subject Coverage: Multidisciplinary Plagiarism Checker: Turnitin (Licensed) Publication Format: Online Article Acceptance Rate: 18% – 29% Contact Details Contact No.: +91-99784 40833 Email: editor@rrjournals.com Old Website: https://old.rrjournals.com/ New Website: https://rrjournals.com/ Address: 15, Kalyan Nagar, Shahpur, Ahmedabad, Gujarat – 380001 Key Features of RRIJM Journal was listed in UGC with Journal No. 44945 (Till 14-06-2019) Journal publishes online every month Online article submission system Standard double-blind peer review process
publisher: Research Review Publication
language: en
publication name: RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary
issn: 2455-3085
items: The Cultural Background of the Shekhawati Region: A Study
items: Digital Acculturation: A Paradigm Shift in the Era of Artificial Intelligence
items: Confirmation of Superconductivity of the material by the Coil Method
items: Impact of Native Language on English Language Learning and Proficiency
items: Generative AI Use and Burnout Risk in Higher Education: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of 50,000 Students
items: Emergence of Telugu Press
items: Resisting Patriarchy: Dina Dalal's Negotiation of Gender and Freedom in Rohinton Mistry's A Fine Balance
items: Plagiarism Awareness and Prevention Strategies in Higher Education: A Multinational Literature Review
items: Hinduism in the Ahom Kingdom: A Historical Analysis
items: Digital Divide and Social Inclusion in Rural India: A Sociological Study
items: Position of Women in Toto Society and the Development of Education: A Historical and Socio-Cultural Study
items: Predictive Machine Learning Modeling of Laser Strengthening in Thin-Walled Steel Structures
items: Economic Analysis of Effect of NPK Levels, Organic Manures and Biofertilizer on Cultivation of Wheat (Triticum Aestivum) Under Chironji (Buchanania Lanzan Spreng.) Based Agroforestry System
items: A Comparative Analysis of Constraints Faced by Organic and Inorganic Farmers in Sri Ganganagar District
items: Continuity of Marginalization: Tribal Communities of North Bengal in the Postcolonial State
items: Changing Dimensions of Employment During Pre and Post 1991 Period
items: Decoding the Dynamics of Subscription Commerce: A Bibliometric Exploration
items: ICT in Inclusive Primary Education: Availability, Challenges, and Teacher Readiness in Keonjhar and Mayurbhanj Districts
items: Economy and Women: Past and Present Scenario of India
items: Evolution of Water-Based Serigraphy: A Perspective on Indian Contemporary Printmaking
items: Military Relations of Mirza Raja Jai Singh of Amer with the Mughals
items: Beyond Maslow: Reinterpreting Human Motivation through the Purushartha Framework of the Bhagavad Gita
items: From Chalkboards to AI Prompts: Exploring the Lived Experiences of K-12 Educators in Patna and Siliguri
items: Relevance of Value-Based Education in the Twenty-First Century
items: Leadership and Growth of Coastal Karnataka: Contributions of R.V. Deshpande
items: Indian Knowledge System (IKS): It’s Impact on National Education Policy (NEP 2020)
items: Inspection of Tip-Induced Superconductivity in Topological Insulator Bi1.5Sb0.5Te1.7Se1.3
items: The political Ecology of Famine: British Canal Colonies and Hydraulic Alteration in the Punjab (1880-1930)
items: A Study on Impact of Leverage on Profitability Towards Selected Consumer Durable Companies
items: Socio-Economic Characteristics of Siliguri Municipal Corporation: A Ward-Level Analysis

The Cultural Background of the Shekhawati Region: A Study
type: item
description: Like Indian culture as a whole, the culture of Shekhawati is deeply rooted in spirituality; however, it possesses a remarkable ability to assimilate diverse traditions and influences. The Shekhawati region is located in the north-eastern part of Rajasthan, and its rich natural resources attracted various communities from outside, who gradually settled in the region. Since Delhi served as the capital of several ruling dynasties, its administrative and cultural influence continuously extended over Shekhawati. Over time, several civilizations flourished in the region, among which the Ganeshwar Civilization, contemporary to the Harappan Civilization, holds particular historical significance. Ancient sculptures suggest that the people of Shekhawati practiced polytheism, worshipping multiple deities while also venerating local folk deities. The arrival of the Aryans influenced the traditional modes of worship practiced in the region; however, monotheistic traditions did not gain prominence here. Ancient temples were centres of Vedic rituals, including yajnas (sacrificial rituals) and havans (fire offerings), and the practice of animal sacrifice was widespread. This tradition continues to be observed at certain Shakti Peethas and shrines dedicated to local folk deities even today. Abstract in Hindi Language: भारतीय संस्कृति की तरह शेखावाटी की संस्कृति आध्यात्मिकता से जुड़ी हुई है, किन्तु समग्र को आत्मसात करने की उसमें अपूर्व शक्ति है। शेखावाटी अंचल राजस्थान के उत्तर-पूर्व में स्थित है, जिसके कारण बाहर से आने वाली जातियाँ यहाँ की प्राकृतिक सम्पदा को देखकर स्थापित होती गई। दिल्ली में अनेक राजवंशों की राजधानी रही जिसकी शासन व्यवस्था का शेखावाटी पर निरन्तर प्रभाव बना रहा। समय पर अनेक सभ्यताएँ यहाँ विकसित हुई होगी, किन्तु हड़प्पा सभ्यता के समकालीन गणेश्वर-सभ्यता अपना विशेष महत्त्व रखती है। प्राचीन मूर्तियों के माध्यम से यह कहा जा सकता है कि शेखावाटी में बहुदेवों की पूजा की परम्परा थी, तथा साथ-साथ लोक देवताओं का भी सम्मान किया जाता था। आर्यों के आगमन से यहाँ की परम्परागत पूजा-पद्ध…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cultural Background
  topic: keywords
subject: Customs and Traditions
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Life
  topic: keywords
subject: Dress and Attire
  topic: keywords
subject: Folk Culture
  topic: keywords
creator: Subhash Chandra Nehra
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-07-15
publication date: 2026-07-15
starting page: 121
ending page: 127
doi: 10.31305/rrijm.2026.v11.n07.013

Digital Acculturation: A Paradigm Shift in the Era of Artificial Intelligence
type: item
description: With the advent of Artificial Intelligence, the development of digital acculturation was started. It includes individuals and community’s acceptance, adaption, negotiation and internalization of digital technologies and the cultural norms. This has got inculcated within various stake holders over the time and resulted into acculturation (digital integration) as a whole. Kerala is the India's first state to be 100% digitally literate. This was accomplished through the state-wide Digi Keralam initiative, which was aimed to reach the community level, to ensure everyone’s participation invariable of their age and internet skills. This paper explores the ways in which AI-mediated systems influenced the dynamics and pathways by which individuals learn to be digitally literate, digitally identity, and engage with digitally mediated culture. We review the social constructivist in the view of technology, known as the Social Construction of Technology, (SCOT) and post humanist perspectives, and draw on the ideas of acculturation theory to examine the effects of algorithmic curation, generative content tools and personalized recommendation engines on patterns of cultural transmission and social cohesion. The study highlights some of the paradoxes that have arisen in this paradigm shift: cultural homogenization and hyper-individualized content silos; greater agency in creating content and reliance on opaque algorithmic gatekeepers; and global connectivity and cementing inequalities in access to and representation in AI technologies. The Ethical issues of AI-assisted collecting, such as cultural appropriation of indigenous knowledge, and the loss of common culture and public culture, are considered and examined. This paper proposes a reimagining of digital collecting in the age of AI, one that should consider the co-creation of meaning between humans and machines and the need for policy measures to protect cultural diversity, access, and individual agency in an increasingly algo…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital Acculturation
  topic: keywords
subject: Digi Keralam initiative
  topic: keywords
subject: digital integration
  topic: keywords
subject: Acculturation
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Construction of Technology
  topic: keywords
subject: cultural transformation
  topic: keywords
creator: Ravi Kumar Singh
creator: Kiran Priti
creator: Prakash Kumar Choudhary
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-07-15
publication date: 2026-07-15
starting page: 111
ending page: 120
doi: 10.31305/rrijm.2026.v11.n07.012

Confirmation of Superconductivity of the material by the Coil Method
type: item
description: This article is basically based on the design of the coil method. The coil method is also known as the inductive method or AC susceptibility method. It is a simple, sensitive and non-destructive technique use to confirm the superconductivity in the material. Superconductivity is a phenomenon in which certain materials exhibit zero electrical resistance and perfect diamagnetism when cooled below their critical temperature. In the coil method the sample is placed between the coils carrying alternating current. As the sample is cooled below its critical temperature, it expels magnetic flux due to the Meissner effect, causing a change in the coil’s inductance, impedance. These changes are measured using suitable electronic instruments and indicate the onset of superconductivity. The coil method is widely used in research laboratories because it provides accurate determination of the critical temperature without requiring direct electrical contact with the sample. It is an important technique for studying superconducting material and has applications in physics research. I have used this technique on BSCCO sample and collect the data. The critical temperature of BSCCO is found to be 92 K using this coil method.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Superconductivity
  topic: keywords
subject: Inductance
  topic: keywords
subject: Impedance
  topic: keywords
subject: Meissner effect and magnetic flux
  topic: keywords
creator: Aslam Mohammad
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-07-15
publication date: 2026-07-15
starting page: 106
ending page: 110
doi: 10.31305/rrijm.2026.v11.n07.011

Impact of Native Language on English Language Learning and Proficiency
type: item
description: This study evaluates the effect of native language interference implementing Telugu as native in the learning and proficiency with English language of eighth-grade learners in an Indian multi-lingual setting. The study seeks to investigate how first language (L1) structures disrupt second language (L2) acquisition, including speaking ability and its impact on reading comprehension. Based on both quantitative (regression analysis) and qualitative (classroom observation and surveys) methods, the research demonstrates a strong negative correlation between code-mixed speech patterns that are Telugu-influenced and English reading efficiency. The results indicate that phonetic, grammatical, and lexical variations between English and Telugu are responsible for consistent errors in English use and that code-mixing is a habitual but productive strategy. The research highlights the necessity of pedagogical interventions like contrastive grammar teaching, phonological training, and vocabulary building to counter L1 interference. The findings make a contribution to the wider body of second language acquisition and provide practical recommendations for enhancing English teaching in native language dominant contexts.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Native Language influence
  topic: keywords
subject: Code-mixing
  topic: keywords
subject: English
  topic: keywords
subject: Speaking Proficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: Telugu
  topic: keywords
subject: Interference
  topic: keywords
creator: Balla R S S V Rao
creator: N. Solomon Benny
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-07-15
publication date: 2026-07-15
starting page: 99
ending page: 105
doi: 10.31305/rrijm.2026.v11.n07.010

Generative AI Use and Burnout Risk in Higher Education: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of 50,000 Students
type: item
description: The rapid adoption of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) in higher education has raised concerns about student well-being, dependency, and skill retention. This study examined the associations between GenAI use, perceived dependency, academic context, burnout risk, and skill retention. A secondary cross-sectional analysis of 50,000 students was conducted using descriptive analysis, machine-learning models, and behavioural clustering. High burnout was reported by 25.0% of students and was most strongly associated with weekly GenAI use, perceived dependency, and exam-related anxiety. A distinct cluster of intensive GenAI users showed a High-burnout rate of 62.3% and lower mean skill retention than the remaining clusters. The binary XGBoost model achieved a ROC-AUC of 0.802, the three-class model achieved a macro F1 score of 0.538, and the skill-retention model explained 13.6% of the variance. The findings suggest that intensive GenAI use and perceived dependency are associated with increased burnout risk, while skill retention reflects a broader combination of behavioural and academic factors, although no causal conclusions can be drawn.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: generative artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: student burnout
  topic: keywords
subject: higher education
  topic: keywords
subject: skill retention
  topic: keywords
subject: machine learning
  topic: keywords
creator: Viroslava Kapustynska
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-07-15
publication date: 2026-07-15
starting page: 84
ending page: 98
doi: 10.31305/rrijm.2026.v11.n07.009

Emergence of Telugu Press
type: item
description: Indian Journalism and development of press was started with the freedom movement. Earlier Christian missionaries had started papers for religious propagation. The press also played prominent role in organizing social and cultural renaissance movements. The brutal tax collection practices of the East India Company, pressures of Christian missionaries for religious conversions the subject of the initial newspapers. The first indigenous Telugu paper ‘Vrithanthini’ started in Madras in 1838. Initial newspapers tried to repromoted Indian philosophies and self respect among the people. Kandukuri Veeresalingam published his writings in ‘Purushardha Pradhayani’ founded by Úma Ranganayakulu in 1872. Kandukuri Veeresalingam tried to expose the contemporary issues like anti-development, the bribe takers, superstitions etc., Due to the oppressive rule of Nizam news papers did not emerge in the Telangana region for a long time.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Development of Telugu press
  topic: keywords
subject: Vrithathini
  topic: keywords
subject: Purushardha Pradhayani
  topic: keywords
subject: Sathihitha Bhodhini
  topic: keywords
subject: Desamatha
  topic: keywords
creator: B Nagabhushana
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-07-15
publication date: 2026-07-15
starting page: 77
ending page: 83
doi: 10.31305/rrijm.2026.v11.n07.008

Resisting Patriarchy: Dina Dalal's Negotiation of Gender and Freedom in Rohinton Mistry's A Fine Balance
type: item
description: Rohinton Mistry's novel A Fine Balance has been widely studied for its portrayal of the Emergency, caste oppression, poverty and marginalization, but comparatively little attention has been given to its exploration of patriarchy through Dina Dalal. This paper examines Dina's continuous negotiation with patriarchal power in her pursuit of dignity, autonomy and economic independence. Despite belonging to the privileged Parsi community, she faces gender discrimination within her family and struggles against the authority of her elder brother. Her quest for selfhood, however, is repeatedly undermined by familial coercion, economic insecurity and the socio-political realities of the Emergency. The paper argues that Mistry presents patriarchy not merely as a domestic structure but as one reinforced by broader social and political forces. By situating Dina's condition within the power-structure of gender politics, it demonstrates how her persistent resistance exposes the fragile condition of female autonomy in post-Independence Indian society.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Patriarchy
  topic: keywords
subject: Gender
  topic: keywords
subject: Freedom
  topic: keywords
subject: Resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: Female Agency
  topic: keywords
subject: Parsi Woman
  topic: keywords
subject: Dina Dalal
  topic: keywords
creator: Tanmoy Ruidas
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-07-15
publication date: 2026-07-15
starting page: 300
ending page: 305
doi: 10.31305/rrijm.2026.v11.n05.030

Plagiarism Awareness and Prevention Strategies in Higher Education: A Multinational Literature Review
type: item
description: Plagiarism remains a major academic and ethical challenge in higher education, intensified by easy digital access and inconsistent institutional policies. This review synthesizes global and Indian studies (1998–2025) to assess students’ awareness of plagiarism, its causes, and effective prevention strategies. Research across Australia, Sweden, Pakistan, Nigeria, Japan, Malaysia, Oman, Saudi Arabia, India, and China show that students often have low to moderate understanding of plagiarism, struggle to identify its forms, and lack accurate citation skills. Even postgraduate students exhibit notable gaps. Contributing factors include poor writing skills, academic pressure, fear of failure, and socio-cultural leniency toward academic misconduct. Weak institutional guidelines and insufficient training further worsen the problem. Evidence from experimental studies indicates that structured instruction, academic integrity training, and skill-based writing support significantly enhance awareness. The review highlights the need for clearer policies, faculty development, and systematic plagiarism education to promote academic integrity in higher education.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Plagiarism
  topic: keywords
subject: Academic Integrity
  topic: keywords
subject: Student Awareness
  topic: keywords
subject: Higher Education
  topic: keywords
creator: Kirti Singh
creator: Pankaj Singh
creator: Roshani Kushwaha
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-07-15
publication date: 2026-07-15
starting page: 64
ending page: 76
doi: 10.31305/rrijm.2026.v11.n07.007

Hinduism in the Ahom Kingdom: A Historical Analysis
type: item
description: The Ahom Kingdom, founded in the early thirteenth century by the Tai-Ahoms under Sukaphaa, witnessed a gradual yet significant process of religious and cultural transformation. Originally followers of the Tai indigenous religion based on ancestor worship and animistic beliefs, the Ahoms gradually assimilated with the socio-cultural traditions of the Brahmaputra Valley. The process of Hinduisation was neither sudden nor imposed; rather, it evolved through sustained interaction with local communities, political alliances, intermarriages, the patronage of Brahmins, and the growing influence of Neo-Vaishnavism. The process of Hinduisation accelerated from the sixteenth century onwards. Successive Ahom rulers adopted Hindu rituals, titles, and customs while retaining several elements of their traditional faith. By the seventeenth century, Hinduism had become the dominant religious and political ideology of the Ahom state, contributing to the formation of a composite Assamese identity. This paper examines the historical process of Hinduisation among Ahoms and its influence in the Ahom Kingdom.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ahom Kingdom
  topic: keywords
subject: Hinduism
  topic: keywords
subject: Ahoms
  topic: keywords
subject: Vaishnavism
  topic: keywords
subject: Saivism
  topic: keywords
subject: Saktism
  topic: keywords
creator: Bhanupriya Daimari
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-07-15
publication date: 2026-07-15
starting page: 55
ending page: 63
doi: 10.31305/rrijm.2026.v11.n07.006

Digital Divide and Social Inclusion in Rural India: A Sociological Study
type: item
description: The rapid expansion of digital technologies has transformed communication, education, employment, healthcare, and governance. However, unequal access to digital resources has created a significant digital divide, limiting opportunities for many individuals and communities. This study examines the digital divide from a sociological perspective, focusing on how disparities in access to the internet, digital devices, and technological skills influence social inclusion. It explores the impact of socio-economic status, education, gender, age, geographical location, and disability on digital participation and the resulting inequalities. The study argues that digital exclusion extends beyond the lack of technological infrastructure to include differences in digital literacy, affordability, and the ability to effectively utilize digital services. These disparities often reinforce existing social inequalities by restricting access to education, employment opportunities, healthcare services, financial systems, and civic participation. Particular attention is given to marginalized populations, including rural communities, economically disadvantaged groups, women, older adults, and persons with disabilities, who continue to face significant barriers in the digital era. Using a sociological framework, the research emphasizes that achieving social inclusion requires coordinated efforts from governments, educational institutions, private organizations, and civil society. Policies promoting affordable internet access, digital literacy, inclusive technological design, and equitable digital infrastructure are essential for reducing digital inequalities. The study concludes that bridging the digital divide is not merely a technological challenge but a social imperative that fosters equal opportunities, social justice, and inclusive development. Addressing these issues is fundamental to ensuring that the benefits of digital transformation are accessible to all members of society, there…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital divide
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Inclusion
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital literacy
  topic: keywords
subject: Social development
  topic: keywords
creator: S G Siddagangaiah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-14
publication date: 2026-06-14
starting page: 282
ending page: 291
doi: 10.31305/rrijm.2026.v11.n06.030

Position of Women in Toto Society and the Development of Education: A Historical and Socio-Cultural Study
type: item
description: This manuscript-ready version examines the changing position of women in Toto society and the historical development of education among the Totos of Totopara. It synthesizes historical evidence, published literature and the author's compiled material into an analytical discussion suitable for journal submission. It argues that expanding educational opportunities have contributed to women's social participation, while economic constraints and geographical isolation continue to influence higher educational attainment.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Toto tribe
  topic: keywords
subject: women
  topic: keywords
subject: education
  topic: keywords
subject: tribal society
  topic: keywords
subject: North Bengal
  topic: keywords
creator: Narugopal Kaibarta
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-14
publication date: 2026-06-14
starting page: 268
ending page: 272
doi: 10.31305/rrijm.2026.v11.n06.028

Predictive Machine Learning Modeling of Laser Strengthening in Thin-Walled Steel Structures
type: item
description: Local laser strengthening is an effective method for improving the mechanical performance of thin-walled steel structures without increasing their thickness or weight. This review summarizes recent developments in predictive approaches to laser strengthening and presents a hybrid framework that combines finite element analysis with machine learning. The approach integrates the physical accuracy of finite element simulations with the computational efficiency of data-driven methods. It provides a basis for efficient prediction and inverse optimization across a broad range of laser processing parameters and treatment patterns.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: local laser strengthening
  topic: keywords
subject: finite element analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: machine learning
  topic: keywords
subject: process optimization
  topic: keywords
creator: Viroslava Kapustynska
creator: Oleksandr Kapustynskyi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-14
publication date: 2026-06-14
starting page: 273
ending page: 281
doi: 10.31305/rrijm.2026.v11.n06.029

Economic Analysis of Effect of NPK Levels, Organic Manures and Biofertilizer on Cultivation of Wheat (Triticum Aestivum) Under Chironji (Buchanania Lanzan Spreng.) Based Agroforestry System
type: item
description: A field experiment was carried out at the Forestry Nursery and Research Centre, College of Forestry, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, to evaluate how varying levels of NPK fertilizers, organic manures, and biofertilizers influence the growth and yield of wheat cultivated within a Chironji-based agroforestry system. The experiment employed wheat variety DBW 187 following a randomized block design with three replications, encompassing thirteen treatment combinations. These included inorganic NPK fertilizers, organic amendments such as farmyard manure, vermicompost, and poultry manure, along with the biofertilizer Azotobacter, each applied at 75%, 50%, and 25% substitution levels. Findings revealed that a combined application of 75% NPK supplemented with 25% vermicompost produced the most favourable outcomes across both pre- and post-harvest parameters. Notable improvements were observed in plant height, tiller count, and leaf length during the growing phase, while post-harvest assessments demonstrated superior panicle length, grain count per panicle, test weight, grain yield, straw yield, and harvest index. Economic evaluation further confirmed that this treatment combination yielded the highest benefit-to-cost ratio, establishing it as the most financially viable option. The study concludes that partially substituting synthetic fertilizers with organic inputs, particularly vermicompost combined with biofertilizers, holds considerable promise for enhancing both the productivity and economic sustainability of wheat cultivation in Chironji-based agroforestry systems.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Agroforestry
  topic: keywords
subject: Inorganic
  topic: keywords
subject: Wheat
  topic: keywords
subject: Organic fertilizers
  topic: keywords
subject: Chironji
  topic: keywords
creator: Nihit Hansel Nag
creator: Joseph Raj Antony
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-07-15
publication date: 2026-07-15
starting page: 47
ending page: 54
doi: 10.31305/rrijm.2026.v11.n07.005

A Comparative Analysis of Constraints Faced by Organic and Inorganic Farmers in Sri Ganganagar District
type: item
description: The demand for organically grown produce has been rising steadily over the past few years. The paper describes the problems faced by organic and inorganic farmers in Sri Ganganagar district. To find out these problems, a field survey of 360 farmers was executed during the agricultural year 2025-26, 180 following organic methods and 180 following inorganic methods, and a set of common problems came up during the interviews. The organic group itself was not one uniform category: it included farmers who were already certified, farmers who had not gone in for certification, and farmers who were still passing through the conversion stage of moving away from chemical inputs. Garrett's Ranking Technique was applied, a method that converts the order in which farmers rank their problems into a comparable numerical score. Among organic farmers, the long wait for certification before their produce could earn a premium price (mean Garrett score 71.14) came out as the most serious problem, followed by the lack of a proper organic market (63.51) and the drop in yield during the early years of conversion (58.28). Inorganic farmers, on the other hand, were troubled most by the rising cost of chemical inputs (72.34), followed by unreliable canal water at the tail end of their fields (63.95) and a gradual decline in soil fertility (59.93). Taken together, the findings suggest that organic farmers are held back mainly by market and institutional gaps, while inorganic farmers struggle more with rising costs and resource-related pressures. Based on these findings, the study suggests setting up dedicated organic mandis with a guaranteed premium, offering support to farmers during the conversion period, and making the certification process simpler and less costly.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Constraints
  topic: keywords
subject: Garrett's Ranking Technique
  topic: keywords
subject: organic farming
  topic: keywords
subject: inorganic farming
  topic: keywords
subject: Sri Ganganagar
  topic: keywords
creator: Komal Bansal
creator: Chitra Choudhary
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-07-15
publication date: 2026-07-15
starting page: 37
ending page: 46
doi: 10.31305/rrijm.2026.v11.n07.004

Continuity of Marginalization: Tribal Communities of North Bengal in the Postcolonial State
type: item
description: Marginalization of tribal communities in North Bengal is not a post-independence phenomenon but a structural condition rooted in colonial land control, plantation labour regimes and administrative categorizations. Communities such as the Santhal, Oraon, Munda, Rabha, Mech and Rajbanshi were either displaced from ancestral lands or coercively recruited into tea plantations across Darjeeling, Kalimpong, Jalpaiguri and the Dooars, where they became economically dependent and socially isolated. After independence, welfare measures such as constitutional reservations, the Forest Rights Act of 2006 and various development schemes have been introduced, but their reach has been uneven. Census data from 2011 reveals that tribal communities in North Bengal continue to record below-average literacy, health and income indicators. This study examines the historical roots, postcolonial continuities and structural dimensions of this marginalization while also foregrounding tribal resistance movements including the Kamtapur demand and trade union mobilization. It argues that marginalization in North Bengal has been reproduced rather than eliminated in the postcolonial era calling for inclusive and participatory governance grounded in indigenous knowledge and rights.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Tribal Marginalization
  topic: keywords
subject: Postcolonial Development
  topic: keywords
subject: Tea Plantation Labour
  topic: keywords
subject: Forest Rights
  topic: keywords
subject: Indigenous Identity
  topic: keywords
subject: North Bengal
  topic: keywords
creator: Rishu Rai
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-07-15
publication date: 2026-07-15
starting page: 21
ending page: 28
doi: 10.31305/rrijm.2026.v11.n07.002

Changing Dimensions of Employment During Pre and Post 1991 Period
type: item
description: Employment generation is one of the priorities of any economy in order to achieve desired growth rate. The stage of full employment of all the capital and labour resources was termed as Golden age by Joan Robinson. Also, Harrod states in his model that actual growth rate needs to be equal to warranted and natural growth rate to achieve stable equilibrium stage in the economy. In a developing economy like India with more than 60 per cent of its population under working age groups, the faster and quantitative employment generation is the need of the hour. According to a UN report, India will be the youngest nation by 2020 with average age of 29 years. Therefore, to provide employment opportunities for this budding young workforce in both an opportunity and challenge for India. This requires a rapid and diversified economic growth the reality check even after more than 6 decades of independence show that the condition is skill grim. A majority of the population is unskilled and is engaged in informal sector. This results in low level of income and poor working conditions in addition to no social security.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Employment growth
  topic: keywords
subject: Pre and post reform period
  topic: keywords
subject: Unemployment rate
  topic: keywords
subject: Sectroral distribution of employment
  topic: keywords
creator: Sonam
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-07-15
publication date: 2026-07-15
starting page: 29
ending page: 36
doi: 10.31305/rrijm.2026.v11.n07.003

Decoding the Dynamics of Subscription Commerce: A Bibliometric Exploration
type: item
description: Nexus of technology with the business leads to a plenty of opportunities in the digital market. The immediate surge of this wave made an easy and innovative platform for e-commerce. The pandemic also boosts the process of moving to a customer-centric, subscription style of e-commerce. There is a dearth of studies on the different dimensions of subscription commerce. The study tries to unearth the trends in subscription commerce through a bibliometric analysis and a comprehensive review. By using biblioshiny and Vosviewer, bibliometric data of 220 documents are analysed to find the trend in authorship, citations, keywords and emerging themes. There had been a notable growth in the publication output for last few years but still the concept remains in the emerging area which shows that there is huge possibility to develop on the concept. The analysis reveals subscription commerce as an emerging theme in the area of e-commerce with low development and low level of centrality and this paper depicts an overview on the current status of research on subscription commerce.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Subscription Commerce
  topic: keywords
subject: Subscription Services
  topic: keywords
subject: E-commerce
  topic: keywords
subject: Revenue Management
  topic: keywords
subject: Pricing
  topic: keywords
subject: Business Model
  topic: keywords
creator: V S Athira
creator: G S Gireesh Kumar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-14
publication date: 2026-06-14
starting page: 236
ending page: 250
doi: 10.31305/rrijm.2026.v11.n06.025

ICT in Inclusive Primary Education: Availability, Challenges, and Teacher Readiness in Keonjhar and Mayurbhanj Districts
type: item
description: The integration of ICT in inclusive primary schools has the potential to enhance teaching and learning experience, making education more accessible, engaging and effective for all students, including those with disabilities. This study investigates the extent and challenges of ICT usage in primary inclusive classrooms within the Keonjhar and Mayurbhanj districts of Odisha. With three objectives and three research questions, the research aimed to assess ICT availability, usage, and challenges in these regions. A survey research design was applied, selecting 60 primary schools (30 from each district) through stratified random sampling. Data was gathered using a five point rating scale questionnaire. The findings revealed that the availability of ICT resources was generally below 50%, and these resources were not being used by teachers or students. Key challenges identified included the low computer literacy of teachers, inadequate ICT resources, lack of funding and insufficient technical personnel. This study highlights the need for a collaborative approach involving educators, policy makers and stakeholders to ensure the successful integration of ICT in inclusive education. Strengthening policy implementations and community participation can help bridge the digital divide, ultimately promoting equitable and quality education for all learners.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: ICT
  topic: keywords
subject: Inclusive education
  topic: keywords
subject: Primary Schools
  topic: keywords
creator: Kabyashree Nanda
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-14
publication date: 2026-06-14
starting page: 251
ending page: 260
doi: 10.31305/rrijm.2026.v11.n06.026

Economy and Women: Past and Present Scenario of India
type: item
description: Women have always been playing an important role in the Indian economy but their efforts have always been underestimated because of social, cultural and structural factors. This paper will discuss the historical and current economic position of women in India with specific reference to employment trends, knowledge of the policy and issues surrounding economic empowerment. The study is founded on the basis of a descriptive and analytical research design; thus, relying on both secondary sources and primary data gathered by a structured questionnaire among 200 women respondents. The results indicate that the involvement of women in full-time employment is not high, with a high percentage comprising of self-employed, part-time employees or those who do not work and are involved in unpaid domestic chores. Government policies regarding the economic empowerment of women are moderately known, which implies a lack of outreach and implementation. The work-life imbalance, unemployment, wage disparities, and socio-cultural obstacles remain among the major challenges that are restraining the economic development of women. The paper finds that although policy measures and education weighing have enabled women to gain a better economic position over the years, there is a must to put long term policy measures, awareness campaigns and social change to enable inclusive and sustainable economic growth in India.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Women and Economy
  topic: keywords
subject: Economic Empowerment
  topic: keywords
subject: Employment Status
  topic: keywords
subject: Government Policies
  topic: keywords
subject: Gender Inequality
  topic: keywords
subject: Work–Life Balance
  topic: keywords
subject: India
  topic: keywords
creator: Ruma Deb Nath
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-14
publication date: 2026-06-14
starting page: 261
ending page: 267
doi: 10.31305/rrijm.2026.v11.n06.027

Evolution of Water-Based Serigraphy: A Perspective on Indian Contemporary Printmaking
type: item
description: The genesis of serigraphy is deeply rooted in the cultural era of ancient stencil printing during China’s Song Dynasty in 960 AD, and it later reached Japan, where it was technically refined. It reached the Middle East through the Silk Road, whereas stencil printing served the role of textile printing. Natural resource-based materials, equipment, leather, and silk-mesh stencils were used for the printing process. India also has a tradition of using stencils differently, notably in the Sanjhi art form. Serigraphy reached Europe through the Middle East in the 18th century. As a commercial medium, screen printing has served the consumers' needs. It became a major printing process in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries due to industrialisation. Advanced materials were introduced for the first production. But the toxic effects of those on human health and the environment became apparent over time. US-based creative artists first used water-based ink for serigraphy printing. With the wider use of commercial silk-screen printing in the mid-twentieth century, India saw a wider adoption of this technique. India practised this technique in the mid-twentieth century. Its adoption in institutional education and professional artistic practice took time, up to the 1960s. Both the commercial and creative fields used the hazardous PVC-based inks, materials, and solvents without judging their toxicity. The revival and development of sustainable water-based serigraphy played a role in the revolution of nontoxic printmaking.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: genesis
  topic: keywords
subject: serigraphy
  topic: keywords
subject: China
  topic: keywords
subject: revolution
  topic: keywords
subject: water-based
  topic: keywords
subject: non-toxic
  topic: keywords
creator: Mahammad Firoj Ali
creator: Shaik Tajjammul Hussan
creator: Mohd Tahir Siddiqui
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-14
publication date: 2026-06-14
starting page: 217
ending page: 235
doi: 10.31305/rrijm.2026.v11.n06.024

Military Relations of Mirza Raja Jai Singh of Amer with the Mughals
type: item
description: In medieval Indian history, the military relations between the Rajputs and the Mughals held significant importance. Emperor Akbar appointed Man Singh, a Kachhwaha prince of Amer, as a commander in his army, and Man Singh provided extensive military support to the Mughals in various campaigns. This tradition of military cooperation was continued by subsequent Kachhwaha rulers, who remained key pillars of the Mughal Empire. Mirza Raja Jai Singh rendered distinguished military services to Jahangir, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb. The military relations between the Mughals and the Kachhwaha ruler Mirza Raja Jai Singh were not limited to personal ties but represented an organized system of military collaboration. Due to Jai Singh, Mughal–Kachhwaha relations became exceptionally strong. The Kachhwahas attained high positions in the Mughal administration, enhancing the political prestige of Amer and increasing Rajput participation in the Mughal court. The Mughals, in turn, benefited from strong Rajput military support, which contributed to their sustained success in the Deccan and in their policies toward the Marathas. Jai Singh’s education, training, and political acumen enabled him to achieve success in numerous military campaigns. He led southern expeditions and north-western campaigns, securing victories in regions such as Balkh, Badakhshan, and Kandahar. His most notable impact was during the campaign against Shivaji, particularly the Treaty of Purandar, where he achieved considerable success. To ensure the military security of his state, Mirza Raja Jai Singh constructed important structures in the forts of Amer and Jaigarh. He also promoted the development of artillery by establishing facilities for manufacturing cannons and weapons in the Jaigarh arsenal. Abstract in Hindi Language: मध्यकालीन भारतीय इतिहास में राजपूतों और मुगलों के सैन्य संबंधों का विशेष महत्व रहा है। अकबर ने आमेर के कच्छवाहा राजकुमार मानसिंह को अपनी सेना का सेनापति नियुक्त किया तथा विभिन्न सैन्य अभियानो…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Mirza Raja Jai Singh
  topic: keywords
subject: Kachhwaha Dynasty
  topic: keywords
subject: Amer
  topic: keywords
subject: Artillery
  topic: keywords
subject: Military Diplomacy
  topic: keywords
subject: Warfare
  topic: keywords
subject: Mughal Rulers
  topic: keywords
subject: Marathas
  topic: keywords
creator: Mangi Lal Mahawar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-15
publication date: 2026-01-15
starting page: 332
ending page: 338
doi: 10.31305/rrijm.2026.v11.n01.040

Beyond Maslow: Reinterpreting Human Motivation through the Purushartha Framework of the Bhagavad Gita
type: item
description: Understanding human motivation has been a central concern of psychology, philosophy, and management for decades. Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs has long served as one of the most influential theories explaining human behaviour and personal growth. However, ancient Indian philosophy presents an equally sophisticated yet fundamentally different perspective through the concept of Purushartha, the fourfold aims of human life described in the Bhagavad Gita and other classical texts. This article critically compares these two frameworks to explore their philosophical foundations, ethical assumptions, and implications for contemporary society. While Maslow emphasizes progressive satisfaction of individual needs culminating in self-actualization, Purushartha integrates material success, ethical responsibility, emotional fulfilment, and spiritual liberation into a holistic model of human development. The analysis suggests that the Indian Knowledge System offers a more balanced approach by placing Dharma (righteousness) at the centre of all human pursuits. The article argues that integrating these perspectives can contribute to leadership, education, organizational behaviour, and positive psychology by promoting sustainable personal and societal well-being.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Purushartha
  topic: keywords
subject: Bhagavad Gita
  topic: keywords
subject: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
  topic: keywords
subject: Indian Knowledge System
  topic: keywords
subject: Human Motivation
  topic: keywords
subject: Dharma
  topic: keywords
subject: Self-Actualization
  topic: keywords
subject: Moksha
  topic: keywords
creator: Vidya Hattangadi
creator: Shilpa Shinde
creator: Annie Pillai
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-14
publication date: 2026-06-14
starting page: 210
ending page: 216
doi: 10.31305/rrijm.2026.v11.n06.023

From Chalkboards to AI Prompts: Exploring the Lived Experiences of K-12 Educators in Patna and Siliguri
type: item
description: Artificial Intelligence, particularly Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) is taking shape as a pervasive phenomenon in K-12 Education in India. With GenAI being adopted for easing teacher workload and enhancing student learning, what remains unclear are stances of educators from schooling structures beyond well-resourced and metropolitan contexts in India. The study examines teacher voices from Patna (Bihar) and Siliguri (West Bengal), and how they understand AI not as a technological intervention or means of optimization, but as a phenomena that teachers adapt, resist, regulate, and negotiate within their everyday teaching practices. Drawing on interviews conducted in February–March 2026 with 16 K–12 educators from private schools across Patna and Siliguri, this study uses reflexive thematic analysis, informed by Ecological Teacher Agency and an Enactivist Account of Agency, and investigates educators’ perspectives and AI practices with respect to (i) their perception of AI within the context of teaching and learning ; (ii) their practical AI applications in both classroom instruction and back-end preparation ; (iii) their negotiation of AI use in relation to professional judgement, autonomy and creative agency; (iv) their concerns around student AI dependency, ethical implications, and changing dynamics with students; and (v) teachers perceived needs for AI training and institutional support. The research concludes that AI’s meaningful integration in K-12 schools depend upon empowering teachers as critically aware sense-makers of what AI is and what it can or fails to do, within a supported institutional system.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence (AI)
  topic: keywords
subject: Teacher Agency
  topic: keywords
subject: AI Training
  topic: keywords
creator: Prata Goyal
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-07-15
publication date: 2026-07-15
starting page: 01
ending page: 20
doi: 10.31305/rrijm.2026.v11.n07.001

Relevance of Value-Based Education in the Twenty-First Century
type: item
description: Value-Based Education is necessary in the present-day society. It emerged as an important concern in the twenty-first century due to rapid technological changes, globalisation, cultural diversity, and emerging ethical challenges. It is an approach that focuses on the ethical, moral, emotional and social development of the students. This paper discusses the concept, philosophical and theoretical foundation, contemporary relevance, problems in implementation, and strategies for effective implementation of Value-Based Education in the present-day scenario. Researchers analyse the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, the Indian National Education Policy 2020, various philosophical ideologies, various theoretical concepts, and existing research studies through the qualitative content analysis method. It examines the philosophical roots of Value-Based Education through Indian and Western educational thought. The paper claims that education in the twenty-first century needs to go beyond intellectual development to build character, empathy, honesty, integrity, and responsible citizenship. Value-Based Education plays a crucial role in promoting ethical use of technology, supporting constitutional and democratic values, enhancing emotional well-being, and fostering environmental awareness. This article includes a vision for the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, which emphasises holistic, multidisciplinary, and Values-Based Education for nation-building. This study concludes that Value-Based Education is an important part of education for attaining long-term, peaceful, and inclusive development in the twenty-first century. This work helps its stakeholders, teachers, policy makers and educators to realise the need for and importance of Value-Based Education in today’s society.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Value-Based Education
  topic: keywords
subject: SDGs
  topic: keywords
subject: NEP 2020
  topic: keywords
subject: Philosophical Foundation
  topic: keywords
subject: Theoretical Foundation
  topic: keywords
creator: Emdadul Islam
creator: Ranjan Majhi
creator: Meena Vishweshwar Rakshe
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-14
publication date: 2026-06-14
starting page: 196
ending page: 209
doi: 10.31305/rrijm.2026.v11.n06.022

Leadership and Growth of Coastal Karnataka: Contributions of R.V. Deshpande
type: item
description: Leadership plays a decisive role in shaping regional development by mobilizing resources, influencing public policy, and creating institutional frameworks for sustainable growth. Coastal Karnataka, comprising the districts of Dakshina Kannada, Udupi, and Uttara Kannada, has emerged as one of the economically dynamic regions of Karnataka due to its strong industrial base, educational institutions, ports, fisheries, tourism, agriculture, and service sector. Although Shri R.V. Deshpande represented the Haliyal constituency in Uttara Kannada district, his contribution extended beyond his constituency to the broader development of Coastal Karnataka. As Minister for Industries, Large and Medium Industries, Infrastructure Development, Tourism, and Commerce, he introduced policies and promoted investments that accelerated industrialization, tourism, infrastructure, entrepreneurship, and employment generation throughout the coastal belt. This article examines the leadership qualities and developmental initiatives of R.V. Deshpande and evaluates their contribution to the growth of Coastal Karnataka.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Leadership
  topic: keywords
subject: Coastal Karnataka
  topic: keywords
subject: Regional Development
  topic: keywords
subject: Industrial Policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Tourism
  topic: keywords
subject: Infrastructure
  topic: keywords
subject: R.V. Deshpande
  topic: keywords
subject: Karnataka
  topic: keywords
creator: Nagesh Shetty
creator: B. M. Ratnakar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-14
publication date: 2026-06-14
starting page: 153
ending page: 157
doi: 10.31305/rrijm.2026.v11.n06.017

Indian Knowledge System (IKS): It’s Impact on National Education Policy (NEP 2020)
type: item
description: The Indian perspective encapsulates the comprehension of Indian culture, science, and ideals. The National Education Policy 2020 emphasizes the incorporation of the Indian knowledge system within the curriculum across all educational tiers. This integration seeks to rejuvenate India’s cultural legacy, promote interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary comprehension, and tackle current issues by combining ancient wisdom with contemporary knowledge. In this sense, the Indian Knowledge System (IKS) denotes the extensive repository of wisdom, traditions, and knowledge frameworks that have been cultivated and maintained throughout millennia. It is a comprehensive approach to our treasured culture. The objectives of (IKS) is based on certain principles: (1) It is multifaceted revolving around preserving, promoting and integrating India’s diverse traditional knowledge into contemporary society. (2) The IKS division's efforts have been seen by some as driven by a mandate to save India's past and to use old wisdom in addressing contemporary issues like climate change. This NEP seeks to instill in pupils traits rooted in moral, human, and constitutional values, including empathy, respect for others, a democratic spirit, and a feeling of service.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: integration
  topic: keywords
subject: revitalize
  topic: keywords
subject: interdisciplinary
  topic: keywords
subject: transdisciplinary
  topic: keywords
subject: contemporary
  topic: keywords
creator: Jaya Choudhary
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-04-15
publication date: 2026-04-15
starting page: 311
ending page: 316
doi: 10.31305/rrijm.2026.v11.n04.035

Inspection of Tip-Induced Superconductivity in Topological Insulator Bi1.5Sb0.5Te1.7Se1.3
type: item
description: Tip-induced superconductivity was found in a topological insulator Bismuth-Antimony-Tellurium-Selenium (Bi1.5Sb0.5Te1.7Se1.3) with a Tungsten (W) Normal Metal tip, where neither W nor Bi1.5Sb0.5Te1.7Se1.3 is a superconductor, but the contact of both shows superconducting nature. The superconductivity was confirmed by performing point-contact Andreev reflection spectroscopy in different regimes on a topological insulating material in a He4-based cryostat. In the conductance spectrum, the zero-bias peak confirms the superconducting nature of the point contact in the thermal regime, while the two dips at voltage values greater than the superconducting energy gap indicate the existence of critical current. In ballistic regime we found a zero-bias dip in conductance spectra which is direct evidence of superconducting energy gap open up at the fermi surface. The superconducting energy gap is indeed a hallmark of superconductivity. The superconducting critical temperature is found to be approximately 4.8 K from resistance temperature measurements. The critical temperature found out by temperature-dependent conductance spectra is similar to the R-T measurement and it observed 4.8 K. The upper critical magnetic field is found to be 2.6 Tesla by taking the variation of R-T measurement with magnetic field.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Strong spin-orbit coupling
  topic: keywords
subject: 3D topological insulator
  topic: keywords
subject: Dirac cones
  topic: keywords
subject: Energy storage
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammad Aslam
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-14
publication date: 2026-06-14
starting page: 190
ending page: 195
doi: 10.31305/rrijm.2026.v11.n06.021

The political Ecology of Famine: British Canal Colonies and Hydraulic Alteration in the Punjab (1880-1930)
type: item
description: Incorporated into the context of British colonialism, the Punjab Canal Colonies is one of the largest efforts to transform the agrarian landscape in South Asia, spanning from 1885 to 1940. This work discusses British policies for allocating land grants in these colonies as well as the economic, political and social consequences of such policies. The British built lengthy canal systems, lasting for many years, in the semi-arid areas of western Punjab, and made these wastelands into productive farmland. This change alone had led to the conversion of less than 3 million acres to some 14 million acres of irrigated land by 1947, which allowed more than 1 million peasants to be settled. The research emphasizes the logic behind the land allotment policies which were devised to appease and "reward" loyal chiefs, landlords (zamindars), military pensioners, and other important elites, promoting political stability and bolstering colonial authority. Also, the colonies were mainly responsible for the commercialization of agriculture, specifically wheat and cotton, for the industrial needs of Britain. The study also examines socio-economic restructuring of rural Punjab and its consequences like the migration of people, the rise of the market towns and displacement of the native pastoral communities. This research examines the canal settlement and agricultural production in critical perspective of the canal revenue records and reveals the developmental and exploitative aspects of canal colonization. Above all, the canal colonies transformed the agrarian economy, and established new power structures which had lasting effects on regional society and post colonial agricultural systems
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Punjab Canal Colonies
  topic: keywords
subject: British agrarian policy
  topic: keywords
subject: land grants
  topic: keywords
subject: irrigation
  topic: keywords
subject: colonial economy
  topic: keywords
subject: rural elites
  topic: keywords
subject: agricultural commercialization
  topic: keywords
creator: Lokman Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-14
publication date: 2026-06-14
starting page: 171
ending page: 182
doi: 10.31305/rrijm.2026.v11.n06.019

A Study on Impact of Leverage on Profitability Towards Selected Consumer Durable Companies
type: item
description: For a subset of consumer durable companies, this study examined the relationship between financial leverage and earnings per share (EPS) and operating leverage and EPS. The amount of assets obtained through the use of debt and equity share capital is expressed as financial leverage. Understanding the current liquidity status of some consumer durable companies, including Voltas Ltd., Crompton, Whirlpool, and Bajaj Electronics, is a further objective of this research. Some of these businesses have a significant relationship between financial and operating leverage and EPS (earnings per share). As a result, this study examines how these choices affect shareholder profits as well as earnings before interest and taxes. To achieve the goals of the current study, ratio and correlation analysis have been used. The study was conducted between the fiscal years 2018-19 to 2022-23. The study collected data from consumer durables company’s annual reports and official websites during a five-year period. Finally, this research suggested that in order to enhance profitability, the impacted consumer durable concern should minimize its usage of debt in the capital structure and fixed costs in its operations.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: profitability
  topic: keywords
subject: operating leverage
  topic: keywords
subject: financing leverage
  topic: keywords
subject: current ratio
  topic: keywords
creator: Rocky Kumar
creator: Nirmala Kushwah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-14
publication date: 2026-06-14
starting page: 183
ending page: 189
doi: 10.31305/rrijm.2026.v11.n06.020

Socio-Economic Characteristics of Siliguri Municipal Corporation: A Ward-Level Analysis
type: item
description: Urbanisation is one of the most significant processes shaping the demographic, economic and spatial transformation of developing countries. In India, medium and large cities have emerged as centres of economic growth, migration, infrastructure development and service expansion. Siliguri Municipal Corporation (SMC), popularly known as the "Gateway of North-East India", represents one of the fastest-growing urban centres in eastern India. Owing to its strategic geographical location, excellent transport connectivity and expanding commercial functions, Siliguri has experienced remarkable socio-economic transformation during the last three decades. The present study examines the socio-economic characteristics of Siliguri Municipal Corporation at the ward level using Census of India data and secondary information obtained from various government publications. The study analyses population growth, household characteristics, population density, literacy, sex ratio, Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe population, workforce structure, housing conditions and access to basic urban amenities. Descriptive statistical techniques, percentage analysis and comparative methods have been employed to examine inter-ward variations in socio-economic development. The findings indicate that Siliguri has experienced rapid population growth primarily due to migration, commercial expansion and improved urban infrastructure. Considerable disparities exist among municipal wards regarding literacy, housing quality, sanitation, workforce participation and access to civic amenities. The older central wards exhibit better socio-economic conditions than many recently incorporated peripheral wards. Increasing population pressure has also generated challenges including traffic congestion, environmental degradation, shortage of affordable housing, inadequate drainage and uneven provision of municipal services. The study concludes that sustainable urban planning, equitable infrastructure development, im…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Urbanisation
  topic: keywords
subject: Socio-Economic Characteristics
  topic: keywords
subject: Population Growth
  topic: keywords
subject: Literacy
  topic: keywords
subject: Housing
  topic: keywords
subject: Workforce
  topic: keywords
subject: Siliguri Municipal Corporation
  topic: keywords
creator: Edwin Penjor Bhutia
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-14
publication date: 2026-06-14
starting page: 158
ending page: 170
doi: 10.31305/rrijm.2026.v11.n06.018