RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary

Socio-cultural aspects and their impact on partition novels with special reference to Amitav Ghosh

Prakash Anand — 2025-04-20

The Partition of India in 1947 was not merely a political event but a socio-cultural rupture that reshaped identities, histories, and geographies across the subcontinent. Partition novels, as literary responses to this trauma, reflect the profound impact of socio-cultural factors such as religion, nationalism, migration, memory, and communalism. This paper explores how these elements influence the thematic and narrative structure of Partition literature, with a special focus on Amitav Ghosh's The Shadow Lines. Although not a conventional Partition novel, Ghosh’s work offers a complex examination of the lingering effects of Partition through personal memory, transnational identity, and the illusion of borders. The novel critiques the artificiality of national divisions and highlights how communal violence, displacement, and cultural memory continue to shape individual and collective consciousness. Through the lens of socio-cultural analysis, The Shadow Lines emerges as a powerful narrative that interrogates the legacy of Partition and redefines the boundaries of historical fiction.

Study on Machine Learning Application in Quantum Circuit Synthesis

Jyoti — 2025-04-20

In this Research Paper we have highlighted about the Study on Machine Learning Application in Quantum Circuit Synthesis. Quantum circuit synthesis, a fundamental task in quantum computing, involves designing efficient circuits to execute quantum algorithms on quantum computers. Machine learning techniques have been increasingly applied to enhance this process. One key area where machine learning excels is in optimizing quantum circuits for specific tasks. Quantum circuit synthesis often involves a large search space of possible circuit configurations, making it computationally intensive to find optimal solutions. Machine learning algorithms, such as reinforcement learning or genetic algorithms, can efficiently navigate this search space to identify high-performing circuit configurations. These algorithms learn from past experiences and iteratively improve their performance, gradually converging towards optimal solutions. Machine learning can aid in automating the design process by predicting the performance of quantum circuits based on their characteristics. By analyzing large datasets of quantum circuits and their corresponding performance metrics, machine learning models can identify patterns and correlations, enabling the prediction of circuit performance without the need for exhaustive simulations. Additionally, machine learning techniques can assist in error mitigation in quantum circuits. Quantum computers are susceptible to various types of errors, which can degrade the performance of quantum algorithms. Machine learning algorithms can analyze error patterns and devise strategies to mitigate them, leading to more reliable quantum circuits.

The Role of Community and Peer Support in Enhancing the Quality of Life of Displaced Kashmiri Pandit Migrant Adolescents

Umer Ali — 2025-04-20

This study examines the quality of life as perceived by adolescents from Kashmiri Pandit migrant families. The sample for this study included 80 adolescent boys and girls, selected using a combination of random and purposive sampling techniques from Jagti, a residential colony for Kashmiri migrants located on the outskirts of Jammu city. Data was collected through interviews and the use of the Standardized Quality of Life Inventory. Results indicated that most adolescents displayed high levels of satisfaction in areas such as health, self-esteem, goals, work, friendships, love, learning, and creativity. However, many expressed dissatisfaction regarding their financial situation, home conditions, family relationships, and their ability to help others. These adolescents believed that their financial situation would have been more stable had their families not been displaced, enabling them to afford more material goods. The findings show similar levels of satisfaction for boys and girls, as well as for both early and late adolescents, across different aspects of quality of life.

Redefining Bank Mergers through Digital Transformation: A Look at Bank of Baroda's Consolidation with Vijaya Bank and Dena Bank

Akansha Tandon — 2025-04-20

In the rapidly evolving banking sector, digital transformation is no longer an option but a necessity for survival and competitiveness. Bank mergers are often driven by the need for cost-efficiency, expanded market reach, and technological innovation. However, the success of a merger largely depends on the integration of digital technologies to streamline operations, enhance customer experience, and ensure regulatory compliance. This paper explores the role of digital transformation in bank mergers, with a special focus on the merger of Bank of Baroda (BOB), Vijaya Bank, and Dena Bank. The study highlights the strategic role of digitalization in overcoming integration challenges, improving operational efficiency, and enhancing customer satisfaction. By examining the digital transformation efforts of Bank of Baroda post-merger, this paper provides insights into how banks can leverage technology to navigate the complexities of mergers and position themselves for future success.

A Review of the Steering Column: Corrosion, Wear, and Mechanical Damage

Vitalijus Rudzinskas — 2025-04-20

The steering column is a critical component of modern vehicles, directly affecting driving safety and comfort. This article examines the primary factors that influence steering column performance, including corrosion, wear, and mechanical damage, under various operational and environmental conditions. Common failure modes, such as backlash, noise, and bearing seizure, are analyzed, highlighting the importance of timely diagnosis to prevent accidents and costly repairs. The study details a repair process for corroded bearings, demonstrating its effectiveness through vibration and torque tests. Advances in materials, sealing technologies, and predictive maintenance are discussed as strategies to enhance durability. The findings underscore the need for ongoing research to improve steering system reliability, particularly as vehicles evolve toward electrification and autonomy.

Problems of Women Workers of Betel Nut Processing Units in Jalpaiguri District, West Bengal

Anindita Barman — 2025-04-20

Areca nut, often known as betel nut, is an important cash crop in India and it is used for religious, social, and ceremonial purposes. India is the largest producer of arecanut in the world. Millions of people depend on areca nut cultivation, related processing activities and arecanut trade for their livelihood and hence their interests needed to be safeguarded (Cheriyan and Manojkumar, 2020). Processing of areca nut in North Bengal is a traditional occupation (Mula et al. 2015). Betel nut workers are those who are involved in the cultivation, harvesting, and processing of betel nut. The processing of raw betel nut is labour intensive work. Women workers play a very significant role in betel nut processing such as peeling, cutting, grading and preparing “Tipni” in Jalpaiguri District. The nature of the processing units is unorganized. The betel nut processing units thus plays a vital role in providing employment opportunities to rural women. This article will attempt to find out the problems of women workers of the betel nut processing units in Jalpaiguri District and suggests some remedial measures.

Inclusive Disaster-Resistant Housing Policy: Integrating Traditional Knowledge with Modern Construction Techniques

Prakash Ray — 2025-04-20

The increasing frequency and intensity of natural disasters require innovative approaches to housing that prioritise resilience. This paper explores the integration of traditional knowledge with modern construction techniques to create disaster-resilient housing. Through examining case studies and existing research, this paper highlights the benefits, challenges, and policy implications of this integrated approach. Inclusive disaster-resilient housing is a critical step toward building resilient, sustainable, and equitable communities in the face of increasing climate-related hazards. This paper explores the integration of traditional knowledge with modern construction techniques as a policy framework for inclusive disaster risk reduction. Traditional building practices rooted in local culture, materials, and environmental adaptations provide valuable insights for creating naturally resilient structures for specific regional threats. When combined with modern engineering innovations and safety standards, these hybrid solutions can enhance structural integrity while ensuring cultural appropriateness, affordability, and environmental sustainability. The study emphasises community participation, policy support, and inclusive design as key pillars for promoting housing that serves diverse populations, especially marginalised and vulnerable groups. Through case studies and a review of best practices, this study advocates for a holistic and inclusive approach to housing that not only reduces disaster risk but also promotes social cohesion and local empowerment.

A Descriptive Analysis on Performance of P. M Mudra Yojana with Special Reference to Karnataka State

Bharamappa Padimani — 2025-04-20

The Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana, launched in 2015, plays a significant role in promoting financial inclusion and fostering entrepreneurial growth among India’s micro and small enterprises. This paper presents a descriptive analysis of the scheme's performance, with a special focus on Karnataka state over the five years from FY 2019–20 to FY 2023-24. The study employs a descriptive research methodology, relying on secondary data from government reports, PMMY annual publications, and other credible sources. It evaluates disbursement trends across various loan categories, Shishu, Kishore, and Tarun, while also considering the recently introduced Tarun Plus. Data shows Karnataka’s consistent upward trajectory in the number of loan accounts, sanctioned amounts, and disbursements, even during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. The Kishore category, in particular, has demonstrated notable growth, reflecting increased capital support to MSMEs. Furthermore, the scheme has consistently met or exceeded national targets, with the highest overachievement recorded in FY 2023-24. This paper's analysis concludes that the PMMY has significantly contributed to economic empowerment, job creation, and financial accessibility in Karnataka, establishing it as one of the leading states in effectively implementing this flagship initiative.

From Automation to Ethics: Responsible AI in Human Resource Management across Industries with Insights from the Power Sector

Chandan Kumar — 2025-04-20

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Human Resource Management (HRM) is revolutionising workforce management by automating recruitment, performance evaluations, and employee engagement processes. However, AI-driven HRM systems raise critical ethical concerns, particularly regarding bias, privacy, and transparency. This study explores the ethical implications of AI adoption in HRM, with a specific focus on the power sector, where automation plays a crucial role in workforce optimisation. The research employs a quantitative approach, analysing responses from 250 employees across various departments in power sector organisations. Using SPSS, key statistical tests—including factor analysis, correlation, regression, and ANOVA—are applied to examine the relationships between AI bias, privacy concerns, transparency, employee trust, and job satisfaction. Findings reveal that AI bias significantly affects workforce diversity, while privacy concerns negatively impact employee trust in AI-driven HR decisions. Moreover, the study highlights that greater transparency in AI decision-making fosters higher employee satisfaction and engagement. The study underscores the need for organisations to implement ethical AI governance frameworks to ensure fair, unbiased, and privacy-compliant AI systems in HRM. It recommends explainable AI models, fairness audits, and hybrid decision-making (AI + human oversight) to enhance trust and acceptance of AI-driven HR practices. These findings contribute to the broader discourse on responsible AI adoption in HRM, offering strategic insights for HR leaders, policymakers, and AI developers in the power sector.

Profitability and Liquidity Tribulations Leads to Financial Distress: Cases of Public Sector Engineering Companies in Kerala

K.K. Sunil Kumar — 2025-04-20

Financial distress is a situation where a company is not able to meet or face difficulty to pay off its financial obligations. According to RBI’s definition negative working capital, cash loss and negative networth are the factors influencing Distresses. There are lots of causes of corporate failure which includes Profitability, Liquidity and solvency complications. Bankruptcy prediction models are among the techniques and tools for predicting future status of companies which can estimate the bankruptcy probability by compounding a set of financial ratios. This research paper has attempted to device models for predicting probability of financial distresses among the PSUs working under the Engineering sector in Kerala. In order to evaluate the ratios that can influence group status and quantify their connection, Multiple Logistic Regression analysis tool is used. The main uses of logistic regression are that prediction of group membership and provide knowledge of the relationships and strength among the variables.

Effect of Yoga on Health-Related Physical Fitness and Physiological Variables

Shraddha Nanjibhai Moradiya — 2025-04-20

The objective of this research study was to examine the effect of yoga training on health-related physical fitness and physiological aspects. A total of 80 female students were selected as subjects, who were given yoga training, pranayama training, and combined training, while one group was kept as a control group. The 80 female students were selected as subjects, and the Two-Way ANOVA test was applied, followed by the LSD (Least Significant Difference) test to determine significant differences at the 0.05 level. The study found significant effects as a result of the training.

Abstract in Gujarati Language: આ સંશોધન અભ્યાસ નો હેતુ યોગની તાલીમ દ્વારા સ્વાસ્થ્ય સબંધિત શારીરિક યોગ્યતા અને શરીર શાસ્ત્રીય પાસાઓ પર થતી અસર તપાસવાનો હતો. તેમાં કુલ 80 વિધ્યાર્થિનીઑ ને વિષયપાત્ર તરીકે પસંદ કરવામાં આવી હતી જેમાં તેમને યોગાસન તાલીમ,પ્રાણાયમતાલીમ અને મિશ્ર તાલીમ આપવામાં આવી હતી અને એક નિયંત્રિત જુથ રાખવામા આવ્યું હતું આ કુલ 80 વિધ્યાર્થિની ને વિષયપાત્ર તરીકે પસંદ કરી સહવિચારણ પૃથ્થક્રરણકસોટી લાગુપાડી તેના સાર્થક તફાવત જોવામાટે LSD કસોટી દ્વારા 0.05 કક્ષાએ સાર્થકતા ચકાસવામાં આવી હતી જેમાં અસર જોવા મળી હતી

Keywords: યોગ તાલીમ, પ્રાણાયામ, મિશ્ર તાલીમ, શારીરિક યોગ્યતા

Investigating the Impact of Problem and Project-Based Learning on Persian Grammar Learning

Saera Kwak — 2025-04-20

This study aims to apply Problem Project-Based Learning (PBL) to the teaching of Persian grammar at the university level and analyze its effectiveness in terms of learners' satisfaction, class engagement, and perceived learning effectiveness. For this purpose, 29 intermediate-level learners were enrolled in a fifteen-week PBL class in which learners defined a problem centered on their real-life grammar learning difficulties and worked in teams to create a product to solve it. The post-class surveys were analyzed using SPSS 21.0 using reliability analysis, descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test, and one-way ANOVA. The study found that overall, learners perceived PBL classes positively, with higher-achieving learners reporting significantly higher levels of satisfaction, engagement, and perceived learning effectiveness. On the other hand, lower-achieving learners had relatively lower perceptions, suggesting the need for structured support strategies for them. Furthermore, while the differences in perceptions by gender were not statistically significant, there was a general trend for girls to report higher levels than boys.

The Silk Route and the Sword: China’s Shadow in the Indo-Pak Conflict Post-Pahalgam Attack

Gaurav Pandey — 2025-04-20

India's quest for peace has long been disrupted by persistent cross-border hostility, particularly from Pakistan. Since independence in 1947, India has endured multiple wars and a protracted proxy conflict centered in Kashmir. Following its defeat in the 1971 war and the creation of Bangladesh, Pakistan shifted from conventional warfare to a three-pronged asymmetric strategy—strategic alliances, nuclear deterrence, and the deployment of non-state actors (Terrorist groups). The most recent example, the April 22, 2025, Pahalgam attack, which was executed by The Resistance Front, a LeT offshoot, resulted in the deaths of unarmed tourists and marked a new chapter in Pakistan-sponsored terrorism. India’s response included suspending the Indus Waters Treaty and expelling Pakistani diplomatic staff. However, the international response, particularly from China, was muted, with Beijing urging restraint while avoiding condemnation of Pakistan. This article examines the evolving India–Pakistan conflict, with a specific focus on China’s strategic role. This article delves into a crucial geopolitical dilemma: Is China acting as a stabilizer in the region, or is it enabling Pakistan’s aggression through strategic shielding and diplomatic patronage? By unpacking China’s layered interests, ambiguous rhetoric, and calculated silence, we examine its “invisible hand” in the India–Pakistan conflict—one that appears wrapped in silk, but conceals the sharpness of a sword.

Enhancing Fiscal Incentives for Sustainable Investment Growth in GCC Economies: A Comparative Analysis

V.P Jamshid — 2025-04-20

This study investigates the role of fiscal incentives in fostering sustainable investment growth across Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) economies, with geared towards on Qatar, the UAE, and Saudi Arabia. Through a mixed-methods approach combining qualitative policy analysis and quantitative data, the paper explores the effectiveness of tax reforms, public-private partnerships (PPPs), and diversification strategies in cutting down hydrocarbon dependency. Key findings highlight the UAE’s excellence in renewable energy investments, Qatar’s sovereign wealth-driven diversification, and Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 transformation. Challenges such as regional competition and oil price volatility are meticulously assessed. The study puts forth synchronised regional policies and sector-specific incentives to enrich long-term economic stability.

Mechanised Opinion-Making: Arguments for Systematic Political Nudging

Siraj Husain Shah — 2025-04-20

People undergo genuine opinion change over time. It is natural when this change is driven by new communication means, better information sources or new issues and agendas hovering in the environment are adding or replacing old ones. But when external agencies somehow control the opinion-making process, this is where ‘mechanised opinion-making budding out. The paper, through the survey data, tries to find out how opinions are being manipulated and throw light on the political behaviour of voters in the context of their interaction with new media tools.

Bioethics and Legal Challenges in Medical Decision-Making: An Analytical Study in the Indian Perspective

Subholaxmi Mukherjee — 2025-04-20

This analytical research investigates the interaction of bioethics and legal frameworks in medical decision-making in India. It investigates how fundamental ethical concepts such as autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice interact with India's legal system, focusing on issues such as informed consent, medical negligence, end-of-life choices, and reproductive rights. The essay emphasizes the specific issues given by India's socio-cultural diversity, limited healthcare infrastructure, and commercialization of medical services. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of the Indian court in developing bioethical standards via landmark decisions. The research continues by underlining the need of a patient-centered, balanced approach that aligns ethical ideals with legislative regulations in order to promote a fair and compassionate healthcare system.

Effectiveness of Various Teaching Strategies to Develop Reading Skills Among Students in English Subject

Sabnurbanu Maiyuddin Malek — 2025-04-20

We learn language to use it for day-to-day communication. In case of the mother tongue, the usage of language may be easy. But when an Indian uses English, it is not always that he/she uses it with a native-like precision. Reading helps us in this context a lot because it helps us develop the feel and get an insight into the language. Reading exposes us to all sorts of registers in the language and generates an interest to develop communicative competence. It is often a misconception that the increasing craze for television, radio, cinema and other electronic media will lessen the importance of reading. But this is not true, as reading didn't lose its charm. The present research paper discusses on the process of reading, objectives of reading, reading skills, reading problems, exercises for developing reading comprehension, and the play methods and language games etc.

The Role of Health Schemes During the Maternity Period of Tribal Women: A Sociological Study

Shweta Budhwala — 2025-04-20

Globally, the mortality rate of girls is lower, whereas in India it is higher, reflecting gender discrimination. Additionally, the high number of child brides in India negatively impacts adolescent health. Unsafe abortions are a major cause of maternal mortality in India. According to NFHS-5, a large number of women are undergoing abortions at home through untrained methods. To address these issues, the government implemented the Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY). The present study focuses on women of the Tharu tribe in the Khatima block of Udham Singh Nagar district. It was found that most women benefited from the scheme, utilizing the financial aid for nutrition and health services, leading to better maternal care during pregnancy and improvements in infant health as well.

Abstract in Hindi Language: वैश्विक स्तर पर लड़कियों की मृत्यु दर कम है, जबकि भारत में यह अधिक है, जो लैंगिक भेदभाव को दर्शाता है। इसके अतिरिक्त, भारत में बाल वधुओं की संख्या अधिक होने से किशोरियों के स्वास्थ्य पर नकारात्मक प्रभाव पड़ता है। असुरक्षित गर्भपात भारत में मातृ मृत्यु का एक बड़ा कारण है। NFHS-5 के अनुसार, बड़ी संख्या में महिलाएँ घर पर ही अप्रशिक्षित तरीके से गर्भपात कर रही हैं। इन समस्याओं के समाधान हेतु सरकार ने प्रधानमंत्री मातृ वंदना योजना (PMMVY) लागू की। प्रस्तुत अध्ययन ऊधम सिंह नगर जिले के खटीमा ब्लॉक में थारू जनजाति की महिलाओं पर केंद्रित है। यह पाया गया कि अधिकांश महिलाओं ने योजना से लाभ प्राप्त कर पोषण और स्वास्थ्य सेवाओं पर खर्च किया, जिससे गर्भावस्था के दौरान उन्हें बेहतर देखभाल और शिशु स्वास्थ्य में भी सुधार देखने को मिला।

Keywords: प्रधानमंत्री मातृ वंदना योजना, थारू जनजाति, गर्भवती महिलाएं, आर्थिक सहायता

De-Industrialization in Colonial Assam: An Analysis from Historical Perspective

Amrita Bora — 2025-04-20

Economic historians of India have forwarded their views regarding industrialization in colonial India. In Pre Colonial times, various small-scale industries developed in India like textiles (specially cotton and silk), paper, perfumery industries, metalwork, ship building etc. But colonial rule greatly affected the economy of India. Industrial revolution started in Europe during the period 18th -19th centuries. The rapid development of industries in Europe specially in Great Britain created demand for markets to sell their finished goods. The demand led to race for monopoly and control of market everywhere. England established its colony in India. As a part of India, Assam’s economic development was also influenced by colonial regime. This paper tries to analyse how far British rule affected deindustrialization process as well as drain of wealth in colonial Assam.

High Leverage and Full-Blown Financial Distress: Manifestation from Public Sector Chemical Companies in Kerala

K.K Sunil Kumar — 2025-04-20

High leverage increases the risk of financial distress. When revenue declines or unexpected expenses arise, a highly leveraged company has less flexibility and a greater risk of insolvency due to its high debt service requirements. Financial distress is a situation where a company is not able to meet or face difficulty to pay off its financial obligations. According to RBI’s definition negative working capital, cash loss and negative networth are the factors influencing Financial Distresses. There are lots of causes of corporate failure which includes Profitability, Liquidity and solvency complications. Bankruptcy prediction models are among the techniques and tools for predicting future status of companies which can estimate the bankruptcy probability by compounding a set of financial ratios. This research paper has attempted to device models for predicting probability of financial distresses among the PSUs working under the Chemical Sector in Kerala. In order to evaluate the ratios that can influence group status and quantify their connection, Multiple Logistic Regression analysis tool is administered.

Navigating New Frontiers: Sports and Legal Developments in India

Swarup Mukherjee — 2025-04-20

With a rich history that dates back thousands of years, sports are an essential component of India's cultural legacy. India is a major force in the world sports market today, producing elite athletes across a range of sports. India's sports law has evolved dramatically over time, mirroring the nation's increasing interest in sports. The growth and management of sports in India are greatly influenced by regulatory organizations including the National Anti-Doping Agency, the Sports Authority of India, the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, and National Sports Federations. Athletes, sports organizations, and other stakeholders face many difficulties as a result of India's insufficient and disjointed legal structure governing sports. In order to handle these issues, a thorough legal framework has become more and more necessary in recent years. Important problems still need to be resolved, like the opaqueness of sports governance and the requirement for efficient dispute resolution procedures. India's sports laws are anticipated to keep changing in the upcoming years as the nation aims to become a major international sports destination. The purpose of this study is to investigate new developments in India's sports-law nexus.

Nexus of Social Media Engagement, Relationship Quality, and Brand Performance in Higher Education Marketing: A Comprehensive Analysis

Dhirendra Kumar Gupta — 2025-04-20

This study explores the impact of social media engagement on relationship quality and brand performance within the context of higher education marketing. Based on data collected from 280 respondents across three districts in Rajasthan, the findings reveal that social media engagement significantly enhances relationship quality, which in turn positively influences brand performance. The study highlights that educational institutions can leverage social media platforms to foster deeper connections with students, alumni, and prospective students, thereby improving brand perceptions and increasing student retention. By adopting an interactive and engaging approach to social media, universities can build lasting relationships with stakeholders, creating a strong competitive advantage in the dynamic higher education landscape. The research provides valuable insights for institutions aiming to enhance their marketing strategies and strengthen their brand through digital engagement.

Breaking the Social Chains: Ambedkar’s Fight Against Patriarchy and Caste-based Oppression

Sandeep Pal — 2025-04-20

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar had a comprehensive understanding of the challenges being posed by patriarchy and caste system in the Indian society. These social challenges have been leaving very critical and drastic impacts on the Indian women in general and Dalit women in particular. Consequently, he was emerged as a staunch advocate for women's rights. As the chief architect of the Indian Constitution, he ensured the inclusion of constitutional and legal provisions that have effectively prohibited gender discrimination and lessen the impacts of patriarchy on the women. Ambedkar had provided a thorough analysis of the caste system's practice of endogamy, highlighting its negative impact on women's autonomy and its role in perpetuating patriarchal dominance by using women to uphold caste purity. Also, he campaigned tirelessly against child marriage and other regressive practices, using his expertise to advocate for legislative changes that would safeguard the well-being of young girls and advance their rights. He highlighted the significance of women's education, particularly for those from marginalised communities, to empower them to confront oppressive norms with confidence. Economic independence was a major priority for Ambedkar, who strongly advocated for women's active involvement in the workforce and equal employment opportunities. He demonstrated a high level of expertise in his efforts to challenge patriarchal social order. Consequently, he pursued strong advocacy to decrease the women’s reliance on male family members and promote self-sufficiency. In order to achieve this, he played a crucial role in drafting the Hindu Code Bill. This bill aimed to bring about reforms in Hindu personal laws, granting women the right to inherit property, divorce, and remarry. His actions served as a powerful inspiration for countless individuals, motivating them to join the struggle against caste and gender oppression. His strategies included implementing legal reforms, advocating for education, promoting economic empowerment, launching social campaigns, and providing personal leadership. He recognised the importance of addressing the intersectionality of caste and gender, with the ultimate goal of creating a society that is more inclusive and equitable. His efforts serve as a source of inspiration for current movements advocating for women's rights and social justice. By analysing Dr. B. R. Ambedkar’s critiques of patriarchy and caste discriminations and his strategy for social reforms, this abstract underscore his enduring legacy as a beacon of hope for change in the ongoing struggle against systematic oppression. The research primarily draws upon primary sources, including Ambedkar's original works, speeches, and writings, supplemented by significant contemporary scholarship. The significance of this study lies in its demonstration of the continued relevance of Ambedkar's thought in an increasingly globalized and market-oriented world, where inequalities have assumed new forms. The objective of this paper is to assess the continued relevance of Ambedkar's efforts and to assess the continued relevance of Ambedkar's ideas in the present context. To contextualize these objectives, the paper would present a thorough examination of Ambedkar's multifaceted strategy for combating patriarchy and caste-based discrimination, as well as to emphasise the continued relevance and importance of his endeavours to advance social justice and gender equality.

Azizan Bai's Contribution to the Freedom Struggle: With Special Reference to Kanpur

Poonam — 2025-04-20

The period of 1857 holds great significance in the pages of India’s freedom struggle, when the spark of revolution erupted into a blazing fire against the British. Many prominent names such as Nana Sahib, Tatya Tope, Tikait Singh, and Azimullah Khan became the heroes of that uprising. The British trembled at the mere mention of their names. Yet, there was another name that illuminated the path of freedom by holding high the torch of revolution—Azizan Bai. Known for her skills in singing and dancing, Azizan Bai was no ordinary entertainer. When the call of the nation came, she cast aside her anklets and picked up the sword, striking fear into the hearts of the British. Women like her did not hesitate to face the British as warriors in their own right. Azizan Bai sacrificed herself to save revolutionaries like Nana Sahib and Tatya Tope, becoming a symbol of courage and patriotism.

Abstract in Hindi Language: आजादी की जंग के इतिहास के पन्नों में 1857 का वो दौर बहुत महत्वपूर्ण है जब क्रांति की चिंगारी ज्वाला बन अंग्रेजों के खिलाफ फूट पड़ी थी। नाना साहब, तात्या टोपे, टिक्का सिंह और अजीमुल्ला खां... ऐसे कई बड़े नाम थे जो तब क्रांति के नायक हुआ करते थे। अंग्रेज इनके नाम भर से कांपते थे। मगर, एक नाम और भी था जो क्रांति की मशाल थामे आजादी की राह को रोशन कर रहा था। खास यह कि इस शख्सियत के पीछे महिलाएं भी योद्धा बनकर अंग्रेजों का सामना करने से पीछे नहीं थीं। यह थीं अजीजन बाई। नाच-गाने के लिए पहचान रखती थीं, मगर देश के लिए घुंघरू उतार तलवार को थाम लिया और अंग्रेजों के छक्के छुड़ा दिए। अजीजन बाई ने नाना साहब और तात्या टोपे को बचा खुद का बलिदान दे दिया।

Keywords: अजीजन बाई, स्वतंत्रता संग्राम, कानपुर, क्रांतिकारी।

Current Status of Education in the Maithili Language and Its Challenges

Sweety Kumari — 2025-04-20

This research paper describes, as comprehensively as possible, the topic “Current Status of Education in the Maithili Language and Its Challenges.” The present situation of Maithili‐medium education, and the difficulties it faces, form a complex, multi layered issue encompassing linguistic, cultural, and policy dimensions. Maithili—spoken widely in Bihar, Jharkhand, and Nepal’s Terai region—was added to the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution in 2003. Yet, despite this official recognition, Maithili has not secured a commensurate place in the educational sphere. Hindi and English receive priority in most institutions, steadily limiting Maithili’s use. At the primary and secondary levels in particular, Maithili is still not adopted sufficiently as a medium of instruction, making it difficult for students to obtain quality education in their mother tongue. A shortage of Maithili textbooks, teaching materials, and trained instructors deepens the problem. India’s National Education Policy 2020 emphasizes local languages and advocates mother tongue instruction in the early grades. Even so, governmental initiatives to promote Maithili remain inadequate, causing the language to lag behind in education. Modernization and globalization amplify pressure on younger generations to favor Hindi and English; interest in Maithili is waning, and the language is gradually being marginalized. Some writers, language enthusiasts, and social organizations are striving to revive Maithili and secure its rightful place in the education system, but broad social and governmental support is essential. Only then can Maithili be strengthened educationally and its rich cultural heritage preserved.

Abstract in Hindi Language: इस शोध प्रपत्र में मैंने विषय “मैथिली भाषा मे शिक्षा की वर्तमान स्थिति और चुनौतीयाँ” का यथासंभव वर्णन किया है। मैथिली भाषा में शिक्षा की वर्तमान स्थिति और चुनौतियाँ एक जटिल और बहुमुखी मुद्दा प्रस्तुत करती हैं जो भाषाई, सांस्कृतिक और नीति-संबंधी आयामों से जुड़ा हुआ है। मैथिली भाषा, जो भारत के बिहार, झारखंड और नेपाल के तराई क्षेत्रों में व्यापक रूप से बोली जाती है, 2003 में भारतीय संविधान की आठवीं अनुसूची में शामिल की गई थी। हालांकि, इस मान्यता के बावजूद, शिक्षा के क्षेत्र में मैथिली को अपेक्षित स्थान नहीं मिल पाया है। अधिकांश शैक्षणिक संस्थानों में हिंदी और अंग्रेजी को प्राथमिकता दी जाती है, जिससे मैथिली का उपयोग सीमित होता जा रहा है। विशेष रूप से प्राथमिक और माध्यमिक स्तर पर, मैथिली को शिक्षा के माध्यम के रूप में पर्याप्त रूप से नहीं अपनाया गया है, जिससे विद्यार्थियों को अपनी मातृभाषा में गुणवत्तापूर्ण शिक्षा प्राप्त करने में कठिनाइयों का सामना करना पड़ता है। इसके अलावा, मैथिली भाषा में उपलब्ध पाठ्यपुस्तकों, शिक्षण सामग्री और प्रशिक्षित शिक्षकों की कमी इस समस्या को और गहरा बनाती है। नई शिक्षा नीति 2020 में स्थानीय भाषाओं पर जोर दिया गया है, जिससे बालकों की प्राथमिक शिक्षा मातृभाषा में देने पर बल दिया गया है। सरकारी नीतियों में भी मैथिली को प्रोत्साहित करने के लिए पर्याप्त प्रयास नहीं किए गए हैं, जिससे यह भाषा शिक्षा के क्षेत्र में पिछड़ती जा रही है। आधुनिकीकरण और वैश्वीकरण के कारण युवा पीढ़ी पर हिंदी और अंग्रेजी भाषा को प्राथमिकता देने का दबाव बढ़ता जा रहा है, जिससे मैथिली भाषा के प्रति उनकी रुचि घट रही है और यह भाषा धीरे-धीरे हाशिए पर चली जा रही है। हालांकि, कुछ साहित्यकार, भाषा प्रेमी और सामाजिक संगठन मैथिली भाषा को पुनर्जीवित करने और इसे शिक्षा प्रणाली में उचित स्थान दिलाने के लिए प्रयासरत हैं, लेकिन इसके लिए व्यापक सामाजिक और सरकारी समर्थन की आवश्यकता है ताकि मैथिली भाषा को शिक्षा के क्षेत्र में सशक्त बनाया जा सके और इसकी समृद्ध सांस्कृतिक धरोहर को सुरक्षित रखा जा सके।

Keywords: भाषाई, सांस्कृतिक, भारतीय संविधान, मातृभाषा, मैथिली भाषा, शिक्षण सामग्री भाषा प्रेमी और सामाजिक संगठन आदि।

New Protein Rich Plant Diet in 21st Century

Raju Prajapati — 2025-04-20

This research paper explores the rising trend of plant-based diets in response to health, environmental, and ethical concerns, focusing specifically on protein-rich plant alternatives. Alternative protein sources that are both environmentally benign and nutritionally adequate are becoming more important as the world's population grows and sustainability concerns intensify. This article examines how protein sources have evolved throughout time, from traditional plant proteins like grains and legumes to newer, high-protein plants such as hemp seeds, quinoa, and peas. Technical advances in genetic engineering and food processing that increase the nutritional composition and functional properties of plant proteins are also discussed. The paper also covers the economic and environmental benefits of plant-based proteins, such as reduced carbon footprints, water consumption, and land requirements, while highlighting the challenges of food processing, consumer acceptance, and protein completeness. The study's conclusion emphasizes the potential of plant-based proteins to promote a more sustainable and healthy global food system, with further advances expected to further modify dietary patterns.

Human Resource Management Practices and Their Influence on Teacher Satisfaction and Educational Performance in Tehri Garhwal: An Empirical Study

Deepak Arya — 2025-04-20

This empirical study investigates the relationship between Human Resource Management (HRM) practices and their impact on teacher satisfaction and educational performance in the Tehri Garhwal district of Uttarakhand, India. With education being a cornerstone for societal development, the satisfaction and performance of teachers play a pivotal role in shaping academic outcomes. This research analyzes HRM dimensions such as recruitment and selection, training and development, performance appraisal, compensation, and work environment. Utilizing quantitative and qualitative methodologies, the study evaluates data collected from primary and secondary school teachers across government and private institutions in the district. The results indicate a significant correlation between effective HRM practices and increased teacher satisfaction, which in turn enhances educational performance.

Study of Key Parameters of Soil of Vatrak Riverbed of Kheda District Gujarat and Its Impact on Floristic Diversity

Kinjalben Vinubhai Chaudhary — 2025-04-20

The Vatrak river is a tributary of the Sabarmati River. It flows for around 243 km in state of Gujarat. Origin of Vatrak river is in hills of Dungarpur, Rajasthan. It enters into Gujarat near village Moydi which is located in Meghraj Taluka of Aravali district. Vatrak flows parallel to Mahi River for 29 km in Rajasthan before entering Gujarat. Direction of the Vatrak river is South-west. It is joined by Mazum river on the border of Kheda District. Vatrak is joined by river Shedhi and Meshwo near Kheda Town. Vatrak finally merge with Sabarmati River at Vautha near Dholka. Maximum length of Vatrak river is located in the Kheda District of Gujarat. This study covers ecological study of surrounding area of Vatrak riverbed. Route of Vatrak river in Kheda district passes through various talukas like Kapadvanj, Kathlal, Mehmdabad, Kheda and Matar.

Workplace Culture and Employee Effectiveness in Private Universities: A Study from Haryana

Sapna Lakra — 2025-04-20

The term "culture" is often used to describe the deeply embedded patterns of beliefs, values, and symbolic systems that shape the behaviour of organizations. These cultural elements are typically passed down through generations, shaping the collective mind set and enabling members of different groups to distinguish themselves from one another. This includes commonly accepted customs, traditions, and ideologies. The central aim of this research is to explore various forms of organizational culture and examine their influence on employee effectiveness in the context of private universities. The findings suggest that hierarchy-based cultures are more prevalent in public universities, while private institutions tend to embrace clan-oriented cultures. Public universities, being government-funded, often operate through rigid bureaucratic structures and stable leadership focused on procedural efficiency. In contrast, private universities are evolving into more employee-friendly work places, placing a strong emphasis on professional development, mentorship, and participatory practices that build mutual trust. The study underscores the need for private university administrations to develop organizational cultures that are both pragmatic and aligned with institutional objectives. To achieve the shared vision, it is essential for both leaders and team members to think and act in ways that reflect their commitment to the organization’s goals.