RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary https://rrjournals.com/index.php/rrijm <p>RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary (RRIJM) is an international Double-blind peer-reviewed [refereed] open access online journal. Too often a journal’s decision to publish a paper is dominated by what the editor/s think is interesting and will gain greater readership-both of which are subjective judgments and lead to decisions which are frustrating and delay the publication of your work. RRIJM will rigorously peer-review your submissions and publish all papers that are judged to be technically sound. Judgments about the importance of any particular paper are then made after publication by the readership (who are the most qualified to determine what is of interest to them).</p> <p>Most conventional journals publish papers from tightly defined subject areas, making it more difficult for readers from other disciplines to read them. RRIJM has no such barriers, which helps your research reach the entire scientific community.</p> <ul> <li><strong>Journal Start Year: </strong>January-2016</li> <li><strong>Title: </strong>RESEARCH REVIEW International Multidisciplinary Research Journal</li> <li>ISSN: <strong>2455-3085 (Online)</strong></li> <li><strong>Impact Factor: 6.93</strong></li> <li>Crossref DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.31305/rrijm"><strong>10.31305/rrijm</strong></a></li> <li>Frequency of Publication: <strong>Monthly</strong> [12 issues per year]</li> <li>Languages: <strong>English/Hindi/Gujarat</strong> [Multiple Languages]</li> <li>Accessibility: <strong>Open Access</strong></li> <li><strong>Peer Review Process: </strong>Double Blind Peer Review Process</li> <li><strong>Subject: </strong>Multidisciplinary</li> <li><strong>Plagiarism Checker: </strong>Turnitin (License)</li> <li><strong>Publication Format: </strong>Online</li> <li><strong>Article Acceptance Rate:</strong> 18% to 29%</li> <li><strong>Contact No.: </strong>+91- 99784 40833</li> <li><strong>Email: </strong>editor@rrjournals.com</li> <li><strong>Old Website: <a href="https://old.rrjournals.com/">https://old.rrjournals.com/</a></strong></li> <li><strong>New Website: <a href="https://rrjournals.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://rrjournals.com/ </a></strong></li> <li><strong>Address: </strong>15, Kalyan Nagar, Shahpur, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380001</li> </ul> <p><strong>Key Features of RRIJM</strong></p> <ul> <li>Journal was listed in <strong>UGC</strong> with <a href="https://www.ugc.ac.in/pdfnews/5283580_UGC-Cancelled-List.pdf"><strong>Journal No. 44945 (Till 14-06-2019)</strong></a></li> <li>Journal Publishes online every month</li> <li>Online article submission</li> <li>Standard peer review process</li> </ul> RR Publication en-US RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 2455-3085 <p>This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"> Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0).</a></p> Problems Arising from Urbanization in India: A Sociological Perspective https://rrjournals.com/index.php/rrijm/article/view/1695 <p>Urbanization is often described as a symbol of development. It is, in essence, the process by which cities undergo significant growth and expansion, accompanied by the centralization of economic activities. One key driver of urbanization is the rapid increase in population and the resulting concentration of people in cities due to better planning opportunities. Additionally, industries, transportation, and related activities have a profound impact, which in turn adversely affects the environment. While rural areas symbolize pure and clean environments, urbanization is associated with environmental pollution, leading to ecological crises. Initially, cities were small, their expansion was limited, and the number of economic activities was minimal, causing no significant environmental threats. However, over time, cities not only expanded but did so in an unplanned manner. The centralization of industries accompanied advancements in technology and technical development. This led to the evolution of cities into metropolises, creating a web of transportation networks. Today, the larger the city, the more severe the problems it faces, with these issues growing increasingly critical each day.</p> <p><strong>Abstract in Hindi Language:</strong> शहरीकरण को विकास के प्रतीक के रूप में वर्णित किया जाता है। वास्तव में शहरीकरण वह प्रक्रिया है जिसके अंतर्गत नगरों का अधिकतम विकास एवं विस्तार हो रहा है तथा आर्थिक क्रियाओं का केन्द्रीकरण हो रहा है। शहरीकरण का एक कारण जनसंख्या की तीव्र वृद्धि एवं नगरों में नियोजन की अधिक संभावनाओं के कारण उनमें जनसंख्या का केन्द्रीकरण होता जा रहा है, साथ ही उद्योग, परिवहन आदि का भी वहाँ अत्यधिक प्रभाव होता है, फलस्वरूप पर्यावरण पर उसका विपरीत प्रभाव पड़ता है। वास्तव में ग्रामीण अंचल जहाँ शुद्ध पर्यावरण का प्रतीक है वहीं नगरीय या शहरीकरण के साथ पर्यावरण प्रदूषण जुड़ गया है, जो पारिस्थितिक-संकट का कारण बनता है। प्रारंभ में नगर छोटे थे, उनका विस्तार सीमित था और वहाँ संपादित होने वाली आर्थिक क्रियाओं की संख्या सीमित थी जिसके परिणामस्वरूप पर्यावरण को किसी प्रकार का संकट नहीं था। किंतु कालांतर में नगरों का न केवल विकास अपितु अनियोजित विकास होने लगा तथा यहाँ प्रौद्योगिकी एवं तकनीकी विकास के साथ ही उद्योगों का केन्द्रीकरण होना प्रारंभ हो गया। नगरों से महानगर विकसित हो गये, परिवहन के विविध साधनों का जाल इनमें फैल गया और आज विश्व के जो नगर जितने अधिक बड़े हैं, उतने ही अधिक समस्याओं से ग्रसित हैं और ये समस्यायें दिन-प्रतिदिन गंभीर होती जा रही हैं।</p> <p><strong>Keywords:</strong> भारत, नगरीकरण, पारिस्थितिक-संकट, नियोजन।</p> Alka Bohra Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-01-10 2025-01-10 10 1 01 06 10.31305/rrijm.2025.v10.n1.001 Establishment of a Limited Liability Company after the Effectiveness of Law Number 6 of 2023 https://rrjournals.com/index.php/rrijm/article/view/1700 <p>This study aims to analyze whether there is dualism in the establishment of a limited liability company after the enactment of Law Number 6 of 2023, to analyze the application of GCG principles to individual PTs, and to analyze the responsibilities of individual PTs and this type of research is a type of normative legal research while the research approach taken is the Statutory Approach and the Conceptual Approach. The results of the study show that the emergence and validity of the UUCK does not result in legal dualism between the UUCK and the UUPT, this is because the Job Creation Law only expands, changes and adds several articles that were previously not regulated by the Limited Liability Company Law, then the governance of individual companies, has regulations to require directors to carry out governance of individual companies in the form of an obligation to make and report financial reports to the relevant minister which is used as a database of individual company profiles and the basis for consideration in determining the criteria for individual companies and the principles of separate entity, limited liability, piercing the corporate veil (limited liability) still apply to limited companies which are individual companies.</p> Dinul Apriliana Akbar Zainal Asikin Eduardus bayo Sili Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-01-10 2025-01-10 10 1 07 17 10.31305/rrijm.2025.v10.n1.002 Examining the Impact of Capital Structure on the Profitability of the Saudi Banking Sector: A Panel Least Squares (PLS) Approach https://rrjournals.com/index.php/rrijm/article/view/1701 <p>This study examines the influence of capital structure and other financial variables on the profitability of Saudi Arabia's banking sector during the period 2010 to 2021. The author used a panel least squares (PLS) model, utilizing 96 observations derived from eight banks. Debt to Asset Ratio (DAR), Debt to Equity Ratio (DER), Financial Leverage (FL), Net Income (NI), Interest Expended to Interest Earned (IEIE), and Interest Income to Total Fund (IITF) are some of the independent variables that affect Rate of Return on Assets (ROA). The findings reveal that DAR positively impacts profitability and reflects effective debt utilization within assets, while DER negatively affects profitability due to the risks of excessive reliance on equity-financed debt. FL also has a strong positive influence, emphasizing the importance of leverage, and NI, though marginally impactful, contributes positively. IEIE shows a slight positive effect, indicating the need for efficient cost management, whereas IITF exhibits a negative but insignificant relationship, suggesting inefficiencies in interest income during the period. The model explains 83.1% of the variation in ROA, emphasizing the collective relevance of these factors. The study underscores the importance of balanced debt and equity management, efficient use of financial instruments, and cost optimization to enhance profitability and sustain financial stability in Saudi banks.</p> Seraj Bahrawe Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-01-10 2025-01-10 10 1 18 27 10.31305/rrijm.2025.v10.n1.003 Unilateral Cancellation by the Buyer in Cash on Delivery (COD) Transactions Via E-Commerce according to Indonesian Positive Law https://rrjournals.com/index.php/rrijm/article/view/1703 <p>This study aims to analyze mechanism of responsibility in unilateral cancellation by the buyer in COD transactions through <em>e-commerce </em>according to positive Indonesian law and analyzing legal protection for sellers in the event of unilateral cancellation by the buyer in COD transactions through <em>e-commerce </em>according to positive Indonesian law. By using the normative legal research method. Research results Research results Showing the results of the study Mechanism of responsibility in unilateral cancellation by the buyer in COD transactions through e-commerce according to positive Indonesian law, Basically, the validity of a sales and purchase agreement with a COD payment system is subject to Article 1320 of the Civil Code. In the event that the buyer refuses to pay for the package of goods that have been ordered through <em>the marketplace </em>using the COD payment system, the buyer is considered to have committed a breach of contract because the buyer has not fulfilled the performance as agreed in the agreement then Legal protection for the seller in the event of unilateral cancellation by the buyer in a COD transaction through e-commerce according to positive Indonesian law, Legal protection for sellers who experience losses in <em>online shop agreements </em>due to the actions of buyers is regulated in Article 6 of Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection concerning the rights of business actors, when the buyer's actions use false data, the seller is also protected by Article 45 A of Law Number 19 of 2016 concerning amendments to Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions. Sellers who experience losses due to fraud committed by buyers are also protected by Article 378 of the Criminal Code concerning fraud. The seller's legal action for the losses he experiences in <em>online shops </em>is dispute resolution outside the court as an initial step. When the lawsuit has been registered in court, the judge is obliged to first provide the seller and buyer with the opportunity to go through the mediation process. If an agreement is not reached during the mediation process, the seller can sue the buyer based on Article 1243 of the Civil Code regarding compensation for losses, costs and interest during transactions in <em>online shops.</em></p> Lalu Yanuar Rinaldy HS Salim Lalu Wira Pria Suhartana Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-01-10 2025-01-10 10 1 28 39 10.31305/rrijm.2025.v10.n1.004 The Development of the Spirit of Universal Brotherhood in Sanskrit Literature https://rrjournals.com/index.php/rrijm/article/view/1706 <p>Sanskrit is the most ancient language among all the languages of the world. Its Vedic form is renowned for its antiquity, richness, and completeness. Indian culture is one of the oldest cultures in the world. The core of both the Sanskrit language and Indian culture is the idea of universal brotherhood. This reflects the thought of considering the entire living world as one family. The concept of universal brotherhood is a contribution of Sanskrit literature and Indian culture. This spirit now represents the entire world and all languages in modern times. In the present era, most countries have given this concept a central place in their governing principles.</p> <p><strong>Abstract in Hindi Language:</strong> संस्कृत भाषा विश्व की समस्त भाषाओं में प्राचीनतम भाषा है। इसका वैदिक स्वरूप अपनी प्राचीनता, सरसता एवं पूर्णता के लिए विश्व प्रसिद्ध है। भारतीय संस्कृति विश्व की प्राचीनतम संस्कृतियों में से एक है। संस्कृत भाषा और भारतीय संस्कृति का मूल केंद्र विश्वबंधुत्व की भावना है। यह संपूर्ण जीव जगत को एक ही परिवार मानकर चलने की सोच को प्रकट करती है। विश्वबंधुत्व का विचार सर्वप्रथम संस्कृत साहित्य और भारतीय संस्कृति की देन है। यह भावना आधुनिक समय में संपूर्ण विश्व का और सभी भाषाओं का प्रतिनिधित्व कर रही है। वर्तमान समय में अधिकांश देशों द्वारा अपने शासन संबंधी सिद्धांतों में इसे मुख्य विषय के रूप में स्थान दिया जा रहा है।</p> <p><strong>Keywords:</strong> संस्कृत, प्राचीनतम, विश्वविश्रत, जीव जगत, शासन, आदर्ष, साहित्य, आधुनिक, अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय, प्रतिनिधित्व</p> Govind Prasad Pathak Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-01-10 2025-01-10 10 1 40 45 10.31305/rrijm.2025.v10.n1.005 The Right to Privacy in India: Historical Evolution and Contemporary Challenges in the Digital Age https://rrjournals.com/index.php/rrijm/article/view/1709 <p>Privacy in India has seeped into the understanding and dimension of rights and liberties recognized by law and the social, legal and technological dimensions associated with it. These represent a timeline of the tussle between age-old values of the Indian context and present contemporary issues, the foundation on which the evolution of privacy in the nation is built. The advent of new digital technologies, including artificial intelligence, biometrics and the Internet of Things, is permeating even the most intimate, private and public facets of everyday life — opening the door to complexities in the protection of personal data that are perhaps more interwoven than those seen in scope and scale. And while this empowered connectivity has no precedent, these advancements have exposed vulnerabilities in data security, ethical governance and individual autonomy. This is a study on privacy in India, surveying its evolution, contemporary debates and prospects, and analyzing different judicial readings and legislation. Here, significant cases such as Kharak Singh v. State of Uttar Pradesh, 1964 (1) AIR SC 332 and Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) Union of India to the recognition of privacy as a fundamental part of the right to life and liberty guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution of India. This paved the way for legislative changes, such as the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill of 2023, to govern personal data processing for users' transparency and empowerment. Conversely, the Act has posed challenges regarding data localization requirements and compliance obligations, especially for multinational entities. Such national and technological environments suggest a new wave of privacy threats as data breaches, corporate surveillance, and insecure digital ecosystems become ubiquitous in the digital environment. This study explores the consequences of these attacks, with a focus on their influence on democracy, individual freedoms, and public trust. Major data breach case studies demonstrate the need for more robust cybersecurity measures, better enforcement mechanisms, and higher public awareness to address the weaknesses of digital transformation. The study also addresses potential ethical challenges related to emerging surveillance technologies and the growing use of data-driven ecosystems. This post advocates for privacy-by-design principles, in which privacy measures are introduced during tech development from its early stages. It highlights the need for clear and accessible privacy policies that enable users. Indeed, it highlights the necessity for an agile legal landscape that can evolve in pace with the swift currents of technological advancements, while navigating the delicate dance of upholding privacy rights and facilitating societal forward momentum.</p> Priyanka Dalal Richa Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-01-10 2025-01-10 10 1 46 55 10.31305/rrijm.2025.v10.n1.006 From the Demand for Information to the Right to Information: A Study https://rrjournals.com/index.php/rrijm/article/view/1711 <p>Rights provide direction for the upliftment of human social life, and in their absence, individuals cannot achieve complete development. Therefore, rights play a crucial role in the holistic development of human life. The right to access information is a fundamental right of every individual. However, its full realization has only been achieved in societies that are fully aware and vigilant. Today, popular sovereignty exists in all states across the world, where the ultimate power rests with the citizens. Citizens exercise this power through voting. Since the authority to govern has been entrusted to certain individuals by the people themselves, it is the citizens' fundamental right to know what the government is doing for them. This very idea led to the emergence of the Right to Information (RTI).</p> <p><strong>Abstract in Hindi Language:</strong> अधिकार ही मानव के सामाजिक जीवन को उन्नयन की दिषा प्रदान करते हैं जिनके अभाव में मानव अपना पूर्ण विकास नहीं कर सकता है। अतः मानव जीवन के पूर्ण विकास के लिए अधिकार सहायक हैं। सूचना पाने का मनुष्य को मौलिक अधिकार है परंतु इसकी पूर्ण अभिव्यक्ति केवल उन्हीं समाजों में मिल सकी जो पूर्ण रूप से सजग है। आज विष्व में सभी राज्यों को लोकप्रिय सम्प्रभुता का वास है जिसमें अन्तिम शक्ति नागरिकों के पास होती है। नागरिक मतदान के माध्यम से इस शक्ति का प्रयोग करते हैं जिन व्यक्तियों को सत्ता या शासन करने की शक्ति स्वयं नागरिकों ने सौंपी है तो उन नागरिकों को यह जानने का पूर्ण अधिकार है कि वह शासन उनके लिए क्या कर रहा है। इसी विचार ने सूचना के अधिकार को जन्म दिया।</p> <p><strong>Keywords</strong>: मूल अधिकार, सामाजिक, उन्नयन, जीवन, सजग, साक्षरता, पूर्णरूपेण, सूचना, संविधान, जन्म, सम्प्रभुता, लोकप्रिय, शासन, विधि</p> Dulhe Ram Mahavar Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-01-10 2025-01-10 10 1 56 59 10.31305/rrijm.2025.v10.n1.007 Perspectives on Human Behavior https://rrjournals.com/index.php/rrijm/article/view/1714 <p>Human behavior has always been intriguing, differing with persons and situations. This unpredictability is contributed by his nature, personality, and thinking process. Behavior is dictated by the interplay of a complex set of factors based primarily on need fulfillment. Every individual strives to fulfill needs but to a varying extent. These needs exist in dyads and emerge in systematic ascendancy with increased chronological age. Behavior results from the struggle between the choice of these dyadic needs, as to which is to be given primacy and which could be set aside or regulated. The situation is compounded by the fact that the next set of dyadic needs emerge to gain supremacy even before the earlier set of needs are done away with. Behavior is the result of the needs that emerge, the individual's choice for the fulfillment, the degree to which they are met, the extent of carryover of the unmet needs, and the accumulating " need-worry ". That is to say, hypothetically every individual undergoes a transition in life as he completes one set of needs. It is an irony that a real completion rarely takes place. Each of these stages of emerging dyadic needs at its onset appears to be a " little world "in which the individual is engulfed and gets focused on the struggle to attain. Five such little worlds are found to exist in the history of life of an individual. This discourse is an attempt to portray human behavior through the lens of need fulfillment as a perspective. The dyadic needs that emerge in stages at different times in life span, their significance, sub-components, and implications for fulfillment are discussed. Data has been collected through in-depth interviews from a select sample of diverse age groups and social backgrounds.</p> P.M. Suresh Kumar Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-01-10 2025-01-10 10 1 60 64 10.31305/rrijm.2025.v10.n1.008 Education as an aspect of Development https://rrjournals.com/index.php/rrijm/article/view/1719 <p>Education is a fundamental aspect of development, playing a pivotal role in the social, economic and political growth of individuals and societies. It equips individuals with the necessary skills, knowledge and competencies to improve their quality of life and contributed meaningfully to their communities. Education promotes economic development by fostering a skilled workforce that can innovate and adapt to changing job markets. It also supports social development by promoting equality, reducing poverty and enhancing social cohesion. Moreover, education is critical for the development of democratic societies, as it empowers individuals to participate in civic activities and make informed decision. Overall, education serves as a cornerstone for sustainable development, driving progress and fostering a more equitable and prosperous world.</p> Aarti Rani Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-01-10 2025-01-10 10 1 65 67 10.31305/rrijm.2025.v10.n1.009 Comparative Analysis of Business Law in Special Economic Zones (SEZ): Case Study of Mandalika Special Economic Zone in Indonesia and International Free Economic Zone (IFEZ) Incheon South Korea https://rrjournals.com/index.php/rrijm/article/view/1721 <p>This study aims to analyze the comparative business laws applied in the Mandalika Special Economic Zone (KEK), Indonesia, and the Incheon International Free Economic Zone (IFEZ), South Korea. These two areas were chosen as case studies because they have similar goals in encouraging economic growth through fiscal incentives and more flexible regulations for investors. In this study, the method used is a qualitative approach with comparative descriptive analysis to identify differences and similarities in aspects of business regulations, investment policies, and legal protection for business actors in both areas. The results of the study show that although both areas offer policies that are beneficial to investors, there are significant differences in terms of legal structure, implementation of regulations, and supervision of compliance with the laws applied. The Mandalika Special Economic Zone has policies that focus more on developing tourism and the creative economy sector, while the Incheon IFEZ emphasizes the high-tech sector and the manufacturing industry. In addition, the comparison of taxation policies and fiscal incentives is also an aspect that distinguishes the two areas. This study is expected to contribute to the development of economic policies in Indonesia, especially in the context of managing Special Economic Zones, as well as providing insight for other countries interested in developing similar economic zones.</p> Joo Mea Lee Lalu Muhammad Hayyan ul Haq Eduardus Bayo Sili Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-01-10 2025-01-10 10 1 68 75 10.31305/rrijm.2025.v10.n1.010 The Inclusion Imperative: Building LGBTI-Friendly Work Environments https://rrjournals.com/index.php/rrijm/article/view/1726 <p>This research explores strategies to integrate LGBTI workers into workplaces while addressing discrimination and fostering inclusion. Workplace diversity and inclusivity are critical for enhancing employee morale, innovation, and organizational performance, yet LGBTI employees often face unique challenges, including bias, harassment, and limited representation. To address these issues, this study adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining surveys, interviews, and case studies from inclusive organizations globally. Findings reveal key barriers to inclusion, such as the absence of comprehensive anti-discrimination policies, cultural resistance, and limited training on LGBTI issues. However, organizations that implement targeted measures, including anti-discrimination policies, Employee Resource Groups (ERGs), and unconscious bias training, demonstrate significant improvements in fostering an inclusive environment. Furthermore, visible leadership support and structured mentorship programs are highlighted as essential components for successful integration. This research emphasizes the importance of tailored inclusivity strategies, balancing global standards with sensitivity to local cultural contexts. The study concludes with actionable recommendations for organizations to promote equity, including the development of inclusive policies, regular diversity training, and the establishment of safe spaces. By addressing these challenges, organizations can unlock the full potential of their workforce, creating a culture of respect and belonging for all employees.</p> Reetika Dagar Khushi Shrotiya Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-01-10 2025-01-10 10 1 76 95 10.31305/rrijm.2025.v10.n1.011 Evaluating the Impact of Social Security Schemes on Socioeconomic Development: A Systematic Literature Review https://rrjournals.com/index.php/rrijm/article/view/1733 <p>This systematic literature review explores the impact of social security schemes, social protection policies, and poverty alleviation initiatives on economic welfare and policy outcomes. Peer-reviewed research on the function of social security and protection systems in promoting equality, social inclusion, and poverty alleviation is compiled in this review. The English-language articles that were chosen for inclusion concentrated on empirical evaluations of economic welfare, legislative frameworks, and the efficacy of different social safety programs. This review adds significantly to policy analysis and social welfare theory by analyzing a variety of international studies and highlighting important insights into the planning, execution, and difficulties of social security and protection programs. With implications for future policy reforms aimed at poverty alleviation and social empowerment, the findings highlight the significance of targeted, context-specific initiatives to improve the sustainability and inclusivity of social protection systems.</p> Renu Sharma Purnima Tripathi Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-01-10 2025-01-10 10 1 96 109 10.31305/rrijm.2025.v10.n1.012 Effective Use of Teaching Strategies to Develop Writing Skills of Secondary School Students in English https://rrjournals.com/index.php/rrijm/article/view/1736 <p>In spite of the problems expressed by teachers, teaching writing becomes unavoidable in view of its importance and value. It requires enough experience also does not happen magically. It is process which involves through preparation, re-evaluation and careful expression of ideas and not simply putting words on paper. Writing occupies an important place in the whole communication process and is put to use in almost all activities of our lives. Writing involves both auditory and visual skills and helps to develop memory. It promotes individual activity and encourages independence in thought and expression. Speaking is spontaneous in most cases, whereas writing requires correctness of grammar, appropriacy in expression and requires comprehension on the reader’s part. It is a systematic process involving presentation of ideas in a precise manner. This paper focuses on effective use of teaching strategies to develop writing skills of secondary school students in English. This paper also focuses on four basic skills, attitude about writing ability, characteristics of good handwriting, and exercises for developing writing skills.</p> Sabnurbanu Maiyuddin Malek Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-01-10 2025-01-10 10 1 110 116 10.31305/rrijm.2025.v10.n1.013 Current Practices and Challenges in Simulation Based Learning: Nurse Educators’ perspective https://rrjournals.com/index.php/rrijm/article/view/1737 <p><strong>Background</strong>: Simulation based learning (SBL) has emerged as a transformative approach in nursing education, offering safe and controlled environments for skill development, critical thinking and decision making. Current practices emphasize the integration of high-fidelity mannequins. However, several challenges persist, including the high cost of simulation technology, inadequate faculty training, and limited access to resources in underfunded institutions. <strong>Objective</strong>: The aim of the study was to assess the current practices and challenges in simulation-based learning. <strong>Materials and Methods</strong>: This study employed a cross-sectional design to explore the practices and challenges of Nurse educators in simulation-based learning. <strong>Results</strong>: The results showed that most of the Nurse educators (71.4%) view Simulation as a vital tool for improving hands on skills, 64.3% reported challenges in accessing sufficient technology or equipment for simulation. Conclusion: The majority of nurse educators recognize the importance of simulation in enhancing hands-on skills, they face significant challenges in accessing necessary resources like technology and equipment.</p> Gangaram Sivagami Vijayalakshmi Victor Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-01-10 2025-01-10 10 1 117 124 10.31305/rrijm.2025.v10.n1.014 A Cross-Sectional Study to Assess the Level of Knowledge Regarding Maternal Nutrition among Primigravida Mother in selected Primary Health Center of Karad Taluka https://rrjournals.com/index.php/rrijm/article/view/1738 <p>Maternal nutrition is important for fetal growth and development. The pregnant women need to have adequate knowledge to maintain their nutritional status during pregnancy. In gestational period fetus is a rapidly grown in mother’s womb. The nutritional requirement of pregnant women is essential for growth of the fetus and other development throughout pregnancy and delivery of the child. Health of pregnant influenced by various genetic, social, economic factors, infection and environmental condition, many of which may affect fetal growth. Physiological adaptation results in improved utilization of nutrients either through increased absorption, decreased excretion and alteration in metabolism. A woman whose diet is adequate before pregnancy is usually able to bear a full-term viable infant, without extensive modification to her diet.</p> Nutan Salunkhe Asma Murad Mujawar Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-01-10 2025-01-10 10 1 125 130 10.31305/rrijm.2025.v10.n1.015 Sustainable Development-Barriers and Challenges in Integrating Sustainable Development in Education https://rrjournals.com/index.php/rrijm/article/view/1741 <p>Sustainable development (SD) plays a crucial role in fostering a balanced, equitable, and environmentally conscious future. Integrating SD principles into education is vital for empowering learners with the knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary to address global challenges such as climate change, inequality, and resource management. However, achieving this integration faces significant barriers and challenges. These include a lack of awareness among stakeholders, rigid and overloaded curricula, insufficient educator training, and limited resources. Additional obstacles arise from policy inconsistencies, cultural resistance, technological gaps, and difficulties in measuring the impact of sustainable education. Addressing these challenges requires a multi-stakeholder approach, including policy reforms, resource allocation, professional development for educators, and enhanced community engagement. This paper explores these barriers and provides actionable recommendations to promote the successful integration of sustainable development in education systems globally.</p> M Sreerekha Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-01-10 2025-01-10 10 1 131 133 10.31305/rrijm.2025.v10.n1.016 The NEP 2020 and Its Transformative Role in Mathematics Education https://rrjournals.com/index.php/rrijm/article/view/1743 <p>The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, which emphasizes a comprehensive, multidisciplinary and skill-based approach to learning, represents a dramatic change in India's educational landscape. This paper explores the transformative role of NEP 2020 in mathematics education, focusing on its impact on curriculum design, pedagogical practices and assessment methods. The policy advocates for conceptual understanding, problem-solving skills and the integration of technology to enhance mathematical thinking. Additionally, it promotes flexibility in learning, interdisciplinary approaches and competency-based assessments to foster deeper engagement with mathematics. By analyzing these reforms, this study highlights the potential of NEP 2020 to make mathematics education more accessible, engaging and aligned with real-world applications, ultimately preparing students for future challenges in a rapidly evolving global landscape.</p> Sunil Rawan Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-01-10 2025-01-10 10 1 134 138 10.31305/rrijm.2025.v10.n1.017 A Study to Assess Effectiveness of Video Assisted Teaching Programme on Knowledge and Practices Regarding Good Touch and Bad Touch Among Age 7 To 9 Years Students of Selected School of Karad Taluka https://rrjournals.com/index.php/rrijm/article/view/1744 <p><strong>Background of study:</strong> It is important for us to realize that we are in complete control of our bodies and can choose what makes us comfortable or uncomfortable. It gives one a sense of security and well-being. <strong>Objective of study:</strong> 1) To assess the level of knowledge and practices regarding good touch and bad touch before interventions 2) To assess the effectiveness of video assisted teaching program on knowledge regarding good touch and bad touch post intervention among age [7 to 9 years] student 3) To find out association between levels of post interventions knowledge score regarding good touch and bad touch among 7 to 9 years student. <strong>Research methodology:</strong> In the present study qualitative approach was used, pre-experimental research one group pre and post-test design was used. Non probability purposive sampling technique was used. Study setting in Karad, Taluka and enrolled 7 to 9 year of age group of students of selected school in the present study. &nbsp;<strong>Result:</strong> Nine out of thirty preschooler had average knowledge about good and bad touch. While zero preschooler had poor knowledge about either of the 21 preschoolers. A 70% had good knowledge about good and bad touch. 21 (70%) preschoolers are well-informed about good touch and bad touch. Nine out of thirty preschooler have a mediocre understanding of what constitutes good and bad touch. Preschooler understanding of good touch and bad touch is zero.</p> Sakshi Makar Priyanka Jagtap Vaibhavi Mallakmir Vaibhavi Mahamuni Mayuri Galande Mansi Nalawade Harshada Shewale Diksha Bhalerao Tanaya Bhalerao Asma Mujawar Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-01-10 2025-01-10 10 1 139 146 10.31305/rrijm.2025.v10.n1.018 Construction of a Stress Scale for Students of Higher Learning Institutions Residing as a Boarder https://rrjournals.com/index.php/rrijm/article/view/1747 <p>One manifestation of psychological discomfort is stress. Stress in moderation can improve motivation, physical performance, and environmental response. An increased risk of heart attack, stroke, ulcers, and mental illnesses like depression can result from excessive stress. A hostel is a place where people live away from their homes, usually at educational institutions. This study aimed to construct a stress measurement tool. To accomplish the purpose, convenient samples (70 boarders) were selected to collect data. Thereafter the draft stress tool of 32 items applied among the boarders. An item analysis was done to judge the quality of each item through t test. Finally, twenty-two items were kept in the final stress scale. To assess internal consistency of the stress scale, 260 hostel boarders were subjected to calculate reliability. Following the Cronbach Alpha method, the reliability score for stress is 0.75, which is highly significant. This study developed a stress scale for hostel boarders, assessing various stressors such as physical, behavioral, psychological, and emotional stress, allowing for stress assessment of both hostel and normal boarder.</p> Sonu Halder Deb Prasad Sikdar Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-01-10 2025-01-10 10 1 147 155 10.31305/rrijm.2025.v10.n1.019 Determinants of Service Sector Growth in Haryana https://rrjournals.com/index.php/rrijm/article/view/1748 <p>The faster growth in Service sector has been experienced by the Indian economy and most of the Indian states as well. The Services sector is a highly heterogeneous sector having varied activities. The contribution of service sector and its sub sectors varies in terms of their share to GSDP and in total employment. The present paper aims at determining the factors responsible for the rise of Service sector in Haryana. It explores the factors which affect the dynamism of change in the pattern of growth of Service sector in Haryana. The ARDL model has been used. The findings of the study show that (i) the value of Service GSDP is 0.46 which means that Service sector growth is propelled from within by 0.46%. It means that one percent rise in Service GSDP will boost up Service sector growth by 0.46% (ii) a relatively higher growth trend in income is the major factor for Service sector growth in Haryana (iii) Investment in infrastructure and fixed capital has led to growth of service output. To sum up, the determinants of Service sector growth in Haryana are- Commodity sector production, Exports, GSDP per capita and invested capital. All these shows significant relationship to the Service GSDP in the short and long period.</p> Anita Moudgil Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-01-10 2025-01-10 10 1 156 163 10.31305/rrijm.2025.v10.n1.020 Building Emotional Fortitude: The Interplay of Resilience, Self-Compassion, and Psychological Well-Being Among College Students https://rrjournals.com/index.php/rrijm/article/view/1750 <p>College students deal with a range of personal, social, and academic obstacles that affect their psychological well-being (PWB). Self-compassion and resilience are recognized as crucial elements that shape mental health outcome. However, their combined effects on psychological well-being among college students require further exploration. The capacity to treat oneself with love, understanding, and acceptance when experiencing sadness, frustration, or failure is known as self-compassion. Individuals with resilience can maintain their mental and physical health while also being able to bounce back quickly from challenging circumstances. This review synthesizes the body of research on the association between college students' psychological well-being, self-compassion, and resilience. Students who possess resilience and self-compassion may be better able to manage their personal and academic stress. Through cognitive and interpersonal processes, for instance, strong trait resilience can lessen the symptoms of anxiety. Students in college’s total health depends critically on their psychological well-being, especially to handle obstacles at college. It aims to explore theoretical frameworks, empirical findings, and potential mechanisms linking these constructs.</p> Deeksha Sharma Ratna Dixit Sharma Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-01-10 2025-01-10 10 1 164 170 10.31305/rrijm.2025.v10.n1.021 Thriving at Work and Beyond: A Review of Work-Life Balance, Job Satisfaction, and Life Satisfaction Among Modern Working Professionals https://rrjournals.com/index.php/rrijm/article/view/1751 <p>In the current rapid and demanding work landscape, maintaining a harmonious blend between career and personal life is a significant issue for contemporary professionals. Work-life balance (WLB) has become more closely associated with both job satisfaction (JS) and general life fulfillment. However, the nature of these relationships and their underlying mechanisms require further exploration. As organizations and employees strive for sustainable work arrangements, grasping the interaction between these frameworks is crucial for enhancing employee well-being and productivity. This review highlights the significance of promoting work-life balance to improve job satisfaction and overall life contentment among contemporary professionals. Organizations need to establish policies that encourage work-life integration, including options for remote work, flexible hours, and initiatives focused on employee well-being. Workers who achieve a better work-life balance tend to report increased job satisfaction, lower stress levels, and improved overall well-being. Those who enjoy higher job satisfaction also indicate elevated levels of life satisfaction, emotional health, and general happiness.</p> Shubhangi Raghav Ratna Dixit Sharma Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-01-10 2025-01-10 10 1 171 178 10.31305/rrijm.2025.v10.n1.022 Cyber Security and International Law: Government Transparency and Accountability through E-Government & Political Implications https://rrjournals.com/index.php/rrijm/article/view/1752 <p>The paper tries to explain and elaborate on how cybersecurity will shift the course of diplomacy and how international law could influence the mode in which international legal interest is exercised. It also explores how powerful organizations, like the United Nations, can change their behaviour in regard to approaches and policy-making strategies. Through the latest steps toward digitalization, decision-making and judgments made in legal services take a radically different form, not only within national borders but also on a large scale in international law and order. The international legal framework of cybersecurity is amorphous, yet disparate implementations have evolved primarily in the European Union. Countries had always wanted to store their sensitive information in-house and had feared surrendering it to international regulatory bodies, citing sovereignty as the reason. This has resulted in shallow and inconsistent enactment and enforcement of cyber norms across states. The ICT for Peace Foundation is an international organization that promotes peace and security. The foundation believes that the use of technology would advance a regional or international legal framework for negotiations to have tools to create a workable world in resolving conflicts. As cyber threats increased, major players such as the UN were prompted to reconsider negotiation approaches, policy sets, and partnerships. By using cybersecurity as a tool for cooperation expansion, the advance of peace in cyberspace, and consequently, the implementation of legal norms that will encourage innovation while protecting states in global governance, these institutions can fulfill their purpose.</p> Dev Singh Nagarjun Kumar Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-01-10 2025-01-10 10 1 179 188 10.31305/rrijm.2025.v10.n1.023 Assessing the Impact of Climate Change and Environmental Policies on Sustainable Development in Bihar https://rrjournals.com/index.php/rrijm/article/view/1753 <p>This study assesses the impacts of climate change and the effectiveness of environmental policies in promoting sustainable development in Bihar, a state highly vulnerable to climate-related disruptions. Bihar's agricultural sector, a critical economic pillar, faces significant challenges due to erratic rainfall patterns, increased temperatures, and extreme weather events such as floods and droughts. The study investigates the direct and indirect effects of these climate shifts on agriculture, biodiversity, and water resources, highlighting the state's dependence on agriculture and the consequent risks to food security. The research also evaluates the role of key state policies, particularly the Bihar State Action Plan on Climate Change (SAPCC) and the Jal-Jeevan-Hariyali Abhiyan, in mitigating climate impacts and fostering climate resilience. While these policies aim to promote sustainable development through afforestation, water conservation, and the adoption of climate-resilient agricultural practices, their implementation faces challenges, including limited financial resources, institutional capacity, and interdepartmental coordination. Additionally, the study examines the ongoing threats to biodiversity in Bihar’s wildlife sanctuaries and protected areas due to climate change and human activities. The findings emphasize the need for stronger policy integration, increased community participation, and enhanced monitoring to address these challenges. Ultimately, the study proposes actionable recommendations for enhancing the effectiveness of climate adaptation strategies and achieving long-term environmental sustainability, aiming to balance economic growth with ecological conservation. These insights are crucial for guiding Bihar's transition to a more resilient and sustainable future in the face of climate change.</p> Madhav Anand Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-01-10 2025-01-10 10 1 189 202 10.31305/rrijm.2025.v10.n1.024 Understanding Blood Flow in Stenosed Arteries: Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluid Comparisons https://rrjournals.com/index.php/rrijm/article/view/1755 <p>Understanding blood flow dynamics in stenosed arteries is crucial for advancing the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, particularly those related to atherosclerosis. This study compares blood flow characteristics in stenosed arteries modelled as Newtonian and Non-Newtonian fluids. Using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), we simulated blood flow through a tapered artery with 50% stenosis under both fluid assumptions. The results indicate that the Newtonian model, characterized by a parabolic velocity profile, leads to a higher pressure drop and greater wall shear stress compared to the Non-Newtonian model. The Non-Newtonian fluid, exhibiting shear-thinning behaviour, demonstrated a flatter velocity profile, a reduced pressure drop, and lower wall shear stress, particularly in the post-stenotic region. These findings suggest that Non-Newtonian fluid models more accurately replicate the hemodynamic conditions of stenosed arteries, potentially offering a protective effect against endothelial injury and plaque rupture. The results underscore the importance of considering the non-Newtonian nature of blood in the study of arterial diseases and the design of medical interventions.</p> Surabhi Singh Sapna Ratan Shah Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-01-10 2025-01-10 10 1 203 215 10.31305/rrijm.2025.v10.n1.025 Earth and Equality: Ecofeminist Perspectives from the Central Himalayas of Uttarakhand https://rrjournals.com/index.php/rrijm/article/view/1756 <p>Feminism is an ideological movement that aims to respect women's experiences, identities, knowledge, and powers and to make all women realise their full rights, which are gradually being assimilated even among the women of the third world. The new ideolical term eco-feminism is an insight that emerged in the 1970-1980 s in European countries, and is emerging all over the world as an ideological movement, as a powerful movement taking nature and the exploitation of women in parallel. Ecofeminism is an ecological critique of feminism. It opposes the patriarchal system that is based on the exploitation of women and the environment. It is a response to all the ideological dualities of nature being subservient to culture and woman being subservient to men. This paper is an attempt to explore the co-relationships, oppression and ideological responses of women's ecology in the central Himalayas, especially in Uttarakhand, and also to explore new dimensions of Eco feminine.</p> Sandeep Kumar Pooja Rani Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-01-10 2025-01-10 10 1 216 225 10.31305/rrijm.2025.v10.n1.026 Comparative Study of ‘-Ko’ and ‘-Ne’ Marker in Dative Construction of Delhi-Hindi https://rrjournals.com/index.php/rrijm/article/view/1759 <p>This paper is the comparative study of ‘-ko’ and ‘-Ne’ markers in dative construction of Delhi-Hindi. Although it is well known that ‘-ko’ is the dative marker and ‘-ne’ is the ergative marker in Delhi-Hindi like Hindi-Urdu (Standard Hindi) but Delhi-Hindi also has another kind of construction i.e. ‘dative-substitution’. In dative-substitution construction, ergative ‘-ne’ marker is used in dative construction instead of dative ‘-ko’ marker. This paper explores the specific domains where this construction would be acceptable with respect to morpho-syntactic point of view. It also highlights the possible environment where ‘-Ne’ marker has shown similarities or differences with dative ‘-ko’ marker in Delhi-Hindi. Even it provides evidences to analysis whether this ‘-Ne’ marker is (un)able to substitute already existing ‘-ko’ dative marker in dative constructions. This type of construction is also available in Urdu (Butt, 2006).</p> Riya Singh Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-01-31 2025-01-31 10 1 226 235 10.31305/rrijm.2025.v10.n1.027 Enhanced Pumping of Blood Flow in Peristaltic Transport of Non-Newtonian Fluids https://rrjournals.com/index.php/rrijm/article/view/1761 <p>This study investigates the peristaltic transport of a non-Newtonian Prandtl fluid in a vertical tube, with particular focus on its physiological relevance to blood flow in the human circulatory system. Blood is modelled as a Prandtl fluid to account for its non-Newtonian behaviour, and key parameters such as pressure gradient, Womersley number, and amplitude ratio are analysed for their impact on velocity profiles and flow rates. Using the regular perturbation technique, analytical expressions for axial velocity and pressure gradient are derived for small Prandtl numbers, and the results are visualized graphically. The findings reveal enhanced pumping efficiency of non-Newtonian fluids compared to Newtonian fluids, demonstrating the significant role of peristalsis in facilitating blood flow in small vessels. These insights contribute to a deeper understanding of cardiovascular flow dynamics and provide a basis for advancing biomedical applications, such as the design of medical devices and therapeutic interventions.</p> Anurag Singh Sapna Ratan Shah Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-01-10 2025-01-10 10 1 236 247 10.31305/rrijm.2025.v10.n1.028 Women Representation as Negotiator in Trade Agreements https://rrjournals.com/index.php/rrijm/article/view/1762 <p>The primary goal of this study paper is to investigate and recognize negotiation as a leadership skill in the hands of women, as well as how women approach negotiation differently than males in trade deals and maintain a diplomatic approach to negotiation. It’s about the 3rd millennium BCE when Sumerians in Mesopotamia traded with the Harappan civilization of the Indus Valley. We may have found proof of the trade and also the products which were traded between them. It’s very important to understand there may be a high probability of involvement of only the male gender in this trade, but why only males? Maybe because of the physical strength advantage that males carry or maybe the trade agreements were taken seriously on the basis of gender bias. It was an era when civilization was making upgrades, setting norms, policies, and regulations. Well, for them, our current time is the future, and for us, it is the past. Then why did the women of this era have less representation in the field of trade agreements? In the past, they may have had reasons to put women out of this sector, but in this contemporary world, there’s no reason to stop them when the women of this sector, not just this sector but the whole era, are growing aggressively. Yes! Women have demonstrated their capacity for leadership and negotiation, proving that their involvement brings valuable perspectives and skills to the table. As the research indicates, women leaders effectively use emotional intelligence and principled negotiation to achieve successful outcomes. In today’s world, inclusivity and gender diversity in leadership roles are crucial for sustainable growth and innovation.</p> Nagarjun Kumar Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-01-10 2025-01-10 10 1 248 258 10.31305/rrijm.2025.v10.n1.029 Digital Transformation in Indian Education and Preservation of Indian Knowledge https://rrjournals.com/index.php/rrijm/article/view/1768 <p>Online classes are a new way of learning that has revolutionized the education system. While online classes existed in many countries, their importance surged during the pandemic. Many colleges and universities have now accepted degree certificates obtained through online classes and have embraced the method of online learning. Online classes have become more accessible and acceptable for both students and teachers. Through online classes, we connect with people from around the world, making students more capable and engaging. Online classes have made students smarter and more technologically proficient, and they have also helped teachers become more technically skilled. With the increasing demand for online classes, education has become more comfortable and satisfying. Despite numerous challenges, people have adopted online teaching methods to continue their education. It has been observed that students’ performance has improved due to online classes, which is why most students have embraced these teaching methods. There was a time when girls were not allowed to attend college and faced restrictions in choosing courses, but with the growing demand for online classes, there are no longer any limits to education. Students now have complete freedom to choose any course they like and shape their careers according to their preferences. This transformation represents the shift in Indian education.</p> <p><strong>Abstract in Hindi Language:</strong> ऑनलाइन क्लासेस सीखने का नया तरीका है जिसने शिक्षा प्रणाली में क्रान्ति ला दी है। ऑनलाइन क्लासेस कई देशों में मौजूद है, लेकिन महामारी के दौरान ही इनका महत्व बढ़ गया है। बहुत से कॉलेज और यूनीवर्सिटी ऑनलाइन क्लास अटैंण्ड करने के बाद मिलने वाले डिग्री सर्टीफिकेट को स्वीकार कर लिया है और ऑनलाइन पढाई की पद्धति को अपना लिया है। ऑनलाइन क्लासेस छात्रों और शिक्षकों दोनों के लिए ज्यादा सुलभ और स्वीकार्य हो गई है। हम ऑनलाइन क्लासेस के जरिये दुनिया भर के अलग-अलग लोगों से जुडते है, जिससे छात्र ज्यादा सक्षम और आकर्षक बनते है। ऑनलाइन क्लासेस की वजह से छात्र ज्यादा स्मार्ट और तकनीकि रूप से सक्षम हो गए है और इसने शिक्षकों को भी तकनीकि रूप से ज्यादा सक्षम होने में मदद की है। ऑनलाइन क्लासेस की बढती मांग के साथ, शिक्षा ज्यादा आरामदायक और संतोषजनक हो गई है। सौ बाधाओं के बावजूद, लोगों ने अपनी शिक्षा जारी रखने के लिए ऑनलाइन शिक्षण विधियों को अपनाया है। यह देखा गया है कि ऑनलाइन क्लासेस की वजह से छात्रो के प्रदर्शन में सुधार हुआ है, यही वजह है कि ज्यादातर छात्रों ने ऑनलाइन शिक्षण विधियों को अपनाया है। एक समय था जब लड़कियों को कॉलेज &nbsp;जाकर क्लास लेने की अनुमति नहीं थी और कोर्स चुनने में कई तरह की पाबन्दियाँ थी, लेकिन ऑनलाइन क्लास की बढती मांग के साथ, शिक्षा पर कोई भी सीमा नहीं रह गई है। छात्रों को अब अपनी पसन्द का कोई भी कोर्स चुनने और अपनी पसन्द के अनुसार अपना करियर बनाने की पूरी आजादी है। यही शिक्षा का रूप ही भारतीय शिक्षा में परिवर्तन है।</p> <p><strong>Keywords:</strong> डिजिटल परिवर्तन, भारतीय ज्ञान संरक्षण, ऑनलाइन क्लासेस</p> Neetu Singh Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-01-10 2025-01-10 10 1 259 262 10.31305/rrijm.2025.v10.n1.030 Sociology of Laughter and Prank: Sublimating Individuality in Others’ Follies https://rrjournals.com/index.php/rrijm/article/view/1771 <p>Laughter is familiar to our positivity and happiness. Pranks constitute ways in which laughter is socially situated. New media has traversed pranks’ nature to a different arena. Based on content analysis of prank videos of popular YouTube channels, the study aims to find the nature and extent of the shifts, in the directions of laughter. The study revealed wide acceptance of the pranks by virtual audience elicited by the strangers and from the strangers. Ethos of Consumer culture ingrained in the pranks is reflected in the consumption at the cost of deficiency in others. The subjects of laughter, that is ‘to laugh at’ and ‘to laugh with’ has undergone transformations with their components traversing to newer territories.</p> Debadyuti Karmakar Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-01-10 2025-01-10 10 1 263 275 10.31305/rrijm.2025.v10.n1.031 The Great Hero of the Freedom Struggle from Kanpur: Azimullah Khan https://rrjournals.com/index.php/rrijm/article/view/1772 <p>After the establishment of British rule in India for 100 years, the first struggle for freedom began in 1857. It started on May 10, 1857, in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh. Although Azimullah Khan, along with Nana Sahib, had planned this struggle for independence in Bithoor (Kanpur). This article is not about the causes of the war or its failure. It is solely about Azimullah Khan, who was against British rule throughout his life and, when the time came, played his role in the freedom struggle. Some writers, including Syed Lutfullah in his book Azimullah Khan Yusufzai: The Man Behind the War of Independence, 1857 and V.D. Savarkar in his book The Indian War of Independence, 1857, have attributed him with an important role in inciting the events of 1857. Others, such as Maulana Azad, have considered his role peripheral, although they do not deny his participation in the struggle. Through this research paper, an analytical review of the contribution of Azimullah Khan, the folk hero of Kanpur, to the 1857 freedom struggle is presented.</p> <p><strong>Abstract in Hindi Language:</strong> भारत पर अंग्रेजी सत्ता की स्थापना के 100 वर्ष बाद 1857 में देश का प्रथम स्वतंत्रता संघर्ष शुरू हुआ। इसका प्रारंभ 10 मई 1857 को उत्तर प्रदेश के मेरठ से हुआ था। यद्यपि नाना साहब के साथ मिलकर अजीमुल्ला खाँ ने बिठूर (कानपुर) में इस स्वाधीनता संघर्ष की योजना तैयार की थी। यह लेख युद्ध के कारणों और उसकी विफलता के बारे में नहीं है। यह केवल अजीमुल्लाह खाँ&nbsp; के बारे में है जो जीवन भर ब्रिटिश शासन के खिलाफ रहे और समय आने पर उन्होंने स्वतंत्रता संग्राम में अपनी भूमिका निभाई। कुछ लेखकों, जिनमें सैयद लुत्फुल्लाह ने अपनी पुस्तक ‘अजीमुल्लाह खान यूसुफजई रू द मैन बिहाइंड द वॉर ऑफ इंडिपेंडेंस, 1857 और वीडी सावरकर ने अपनी पुस्तक ‘द इंडियन वॉर ऑफ इंडिपेंडेंस, 1857 में उन्हें 1857 की घटनाओं को भड़काने के लिए एक महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका सौंपी है। अन्य जैसे मौलाना आजाद ने उनकी भूमिका को केवल परिधीय माना है, हालांकि उस संघर्ष में उनकी भागीदारी से इनकार नहीं किया है। प्रस्तुत शोध पत्र के माध्यम से 1857 के स्वतंत्रता संग्राम में कानपुर क्षेत्र के जननायक अजीमुल्ला खाँ के योगदान का विश्लेषणात्मक अवलोकन प्रस्तुत किया गया हैं।</p> <p><strong>Keywords</strong>: 1857 का संग्राम, कानपुर, अजीमुल्ला खाँ, सैन्य विद्रोह, योगदान।</p> Poonam Tripuresh Tripathi Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-01-10 2025-01-10 10 1 276 280 10.31305/rrijm.2025.v10.n1.032