RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary
हिंदी में पढ़ें | ગુજરાતી માટે ક્લિક કરો RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary is a double-blind peer-reviewed, open-access academic journal committed to advancing knowledge across a wide spectrum of disciplines through multidisciplinary research. The journal serves as a platform for scholars, practitioners, and researchers from diverse academic backgrounds to publish original and high-quality work that bridges disciplinary boundaries and fosters innovative thinking. The journal welcomes submissions in multiple languages — English, Hindi, and Gujarati — to promote inclusive academic communication and support linguistic diversity in global scholarship. Journal Information Journal Start Year: January 2016 Journal Title: RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary ISSN (Online): 2455-3085 Impact Factor: 6.93 Crossref DOI: 10.31305/rrijm Frequency of Publication: Monthly (12 Issues per Year) Languages: English, Hindi, Gujarati Accessibility: Open Access Peer Review Process: Double Blind Peer Review Subject Coverage: Multidisciplinary Plagiarism Checker: Turnitin (Licensed) Publication Format: Online Article Acceptance Rate: 18% – 29% Contact Details Contact No.: +91-99784 40833 Email: editor@rrjournals.com Old Website: https://old.rrjournals.com/ New Website: https://rrjournals.com/ Address: 15, Kalyan Nagar, Shahpur, Ahmedabad, Gujarat – 380001 Key Features of RRIJM Journal was listed in UGC with Journal No. 44945 (Till 14-06-2019) Journal publishes online every month Online article submission system Standard double-blind peer review process
Navigating Futures: Analysing Career Awareness Levels Among Undergraduate Students
In the contemporary era, Career Awareness serve as a critical tool for the undergraduate students, helping them to become an active planner of their own employability from passive recipients of information. By enhancing the career awareness, students can coordinate their aspirations with their individual strengths and find satisfying career options. The primary aim of the present study is to analyse the level of career awareness among undergraduate students and identify the factors influencing their future preparedness. A total of 300 undergraduate students drawn as sample for the study from Nayagarh District, Odisha. Self developed questionnaire based on different career information was used for data collection. The data were analysed through different analysis techniques like Mean, Standard deviation, percentage analysis, frequency, t-test and One way ANOVA by using SPSS software. The study revealed that majority of students (53.33%) have moderate level of career awareness. In relation to Academic stream, there is significant difference in career awareness level observed, with Commerce students (M = 147.57, SD = 12.806) have the highest career awareness level, followed by science students (M = 143.25, SD = 13.122), while Arts students (M = 134.20, SD = 11.802) recorded the lowest level. On the basis of gender analysis revealed that female (M = 145.46) possesses significantly higher career awareness than males (M = 140.81). Additionally, the result found that social media plays a significant for career guidance than the convectional campus facilities, a considerable number of students reported a lack of mentorship from their teachers. The study also showed that family influence and economic background significantly influencing the career awareness level. The findings of the study suggested that organization of career talks and integration of digital tools must be integrated in educational institutions for creating awareness among undergraduate students. Further it is recommended that career counsellor must be appointed in educational institutions on regular basis.
Future-Ready Learning: Integrating Technology to Enhance Adolescent Academic and Cognitive Development
Integration of technology to enhance learning experience of adolescent has transformed traditional learning methods, offering personalized, adaptive, and engaging experiences. Tools such as gamification, virtual labs, and collaborative platforms like Google Classroom have enhanced academic performance, motivation, and critical thinking. However, challenges like the digital divide, digital distractions, and insufficient teacher training hinder equitable access and effective implementation. Emerging technologies like AI, VR, and AR provide immersive, data-driven learning opportunities, fostering creativity and problem-solving skills. This research highlights the transformative potential of technology in education while emphasizing the need for robust infrastructure, teacher training, and digital literacy programs. By addressing these challenges, technology can create an inclusive, engaging, and future-ready learning environment for adolescents.
Girnar Parikrama is one of the oldest and most sacred pilgrimage traditions of Gujarat, associated with the ancient Girnar mountain near Junagadh. This article examines the historical, religious, cultural, and social significance of Girnar and its Parikrama tradition. Girnar has been known by various names such as Raivat, Ujjayant, and Girinarayan in ancient scriptures, inscriptions, and literary works. The mountain is considered a spiritual center for Hindu, Jain, and Nath traditions, with sacred places like Bhavnath Mahadev, Dattatreya Peak, Ambaji Temple, and Neminath Jain temples. The article traces the evolution of the Girnar Parikrama from ancient times to the modern period, including its revival in 1864 under Diwan Anantji Vasavada. The study also highlights the role of saints, local communities, and cultural traditions in preserving the pilgrimage. Today, the Lili Parikrama represents a unique blend of devotion, nature, heritage, and collective cultural identity in Gujarat. Abstract in Gujarati Language: ગિરનાર પરિક્રમા ગુજરાતની અતિપ્રાચીન અને પવિત્ર યાત્રાઓમાંની એક છે, જે જુનાગઢ નજીક આવેલા ગિરનાર પર્વત સાથે સંકળાયેલી છે. આ લેખમાં ગિરનાર પરિક્રમાનું ઐતિહાસિક, ધાર્મિક, સાંસ્કૃતિક અને સામાજિક મહત્વ રજૂ કરવામાં આવ્યું છે. પ્રાચીન ગ્રંથો, શિલાલેખો અને સાહિત્યમાં ગિરનારને રૈવત, ઉજ્જયંત અને ગિરિનારાયણ જેવા નામોથી ઓળખાવવામાં આવ્યો છે. ગિરનાર હિંદુ, જૈન અને નાથ પરંપરાઓ માટે આધ્યાત્મિક કેન્દ્ર તરીકે માન્ય રહ્યો છે. ભવનાથ મહાદેવ, દત્તાત્રેય શિખર, અંબાજી મંદિર અને નેમિનાથ જૈન તીર્થ જેવા પવિત્ર સ્થળો તેની વિશેષતા દર્શાવે છે. લેખમાં ગિરનાર પરિક્રમાના પ્રાચીન સમયથી આધુનિક સમય સુધીના વિકાસ, ૧૮૬૪માં થયેલા પુનર્જીવન તથા સંતો, સ્થાનિક સમાજ અને સેવાભાવી પરંપરાના યોગદાનનું વિશ્લેષણ કરવામાં આવ્યું છે. આજના સમયમાં લીલી પરિક્રમા ભક્તિ, પ્રકૃતિ, લોકસંસ્કૃતિ અને ગુજરાતની સાંસ્કૃતિક ઓળખનું જીવંત પ્રતિક બની રહી છે. Keywords: ગિરનાર પરિક્રમા, જૂનાગઢ, ધાર્મિક યાત્રા, સાંસ્કૃતિક વારસો, ગિરનાર પર્વત
Cybercrime Awareness among Undergraduate Students of Western Odisha: A Survey on Gender and Locality Based Differences
The rapid expansion of internet usage in higher education has made undergraduate students one of the most vulnerable groups to cyber threats. Cybercrime today covers a wide range of unlawful acts including hacking, identity theft, phishing, financial fraud, cyber stalking, and online harassment. The present study was designed to examine the level of cybercrime awareness among undergraduate students of Balangir district in Odisha with reference to their gender and locality. A descriptive survey method was adopted for the investigation. The sample consisted of 120 undergraduate students enrolled at Rajendra University, Balangir, drawn through simple random sampling, with equal representation by gender (60 males and 60 females) and locality (60 urban and 60 rural). A researcher made structured questionnaire of 35 items rated on a five point Likert scale that was developed and administered after establishing content validity through expert opinion and reliability through pilot testing. The data collected were analyzed using percentage analysis, mean, standard deviation and the independent samples t-test. Findings revealed that the majority of the respondents fall within the average to above average category of cybercrime awareness. Urban students reported slightly higher mean scores (M = 118.43) than rural students (M = 116.78), although the difference was not statistically significant (t = 0.642, p > 0.05). Female students showed marginally higher awareness (M = 119.45) than their male counterparts (M = 115.77), but the difference also did not reach statistical significance (t = 1.442, p > 0.05). The novelty of the present work lies in providing locality specific empirical evidence from a tribal dominated district of western Odisha, an under-researched region in Indian cybercrime literature. The study recommends the integration of cyber safety modules into the undergraduate curriculum and the regular conduct of awareness programmes for students.
Identification of Controlling Factors of Groundwater Chemistry in the Kolkata Metropolitan Area Using Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
The present study assesses seasonal variations and controlling factors in groundwater quality in the Kolkata Metropolitan Area using descriptive statistics and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Twenty-two physicochemical and microbial parameters were analyzed for both pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. The results reveal significant seasonal variation in groundwater quality due to the combined influence of geogenic and anthropogenic processes. During the pre-monsoon season, groundwater quality is mainly controlled by salinity and mineral dissolution, hardness and microbial contamination, organic pollution and fluoride enrichment, and sulfate enrichment. In the post-monsoon season, additional processes such as nutrient pollution, nitrate and fluoride influence, alkalinity and sodium enrichment, and microbial contamination become more prominent due to rainfall recharge and contaminant leaching. Several stations, particularly Stations 6, 7, 9, 13, 16, 20, and 21, show severe groundwater quality deterioration due to the influence of multiple contamination processes. The study highlights the strong seasonal and spatial variability of groundwater quality in the study area and emphasizes the need for effective groundwater management and pollution control strategies.
Reading Difficulties and Coping Strategies Among Grade 8 ESL Learners: A Descriptive-Correlational Study
Reading is a critical academic skill, yet many Filipino Grade 8 ESL learners, particularly those in rural and semi-urban communities, continue to struggle with it while their coping responses to such difficulties remain largely unexamined in local literature. This study examined the reading difficulties experienced by Grade 8 ESL learners and the coping strategies they employ when managing these challenges, as well as the relationship between the two variables. A descriptive-correlational research design under the quantitative approach was employed. The respondents of this study were 27 Grade 8 ESL learners from a private school in Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines, identified as having reading difficulties and were selected through purposive sampling. Data were gathered using an adapted Likert-scale questionnaire measuring four domains of reading difficulty: decoding, fluency, comprehension, and vocabulary, and four domains of coping strategies: cognitive, metacognitive, vocabulary, and fluency-based. Weighted mean, standard deviation, and Pearson r correlation were used to analyze the data. Results revealed that learners experience reading difficulties at a moderate and occasional level overall (M = 2.43, SD = 0.13), with vocabulary emerging as the most prevalent domain (M = 2.61, Often) and decoding as the least (M = 2.29, Sometimes). Coping strategies were similarly used at a moderate and occasional level (M = 2.40, SD = 0.07), with vocabulary strategies most frequently employed (M = 2.51) and fluency-based strategies the least (M = 2.35). Pearson r analysis revealed that the null hypothesis is partially rejected as fluency-related reading difficulty demonstrated significant positive relationships with cognitive (r = 0.481, p = 0.011), metacognitive (r = 0.464, p = 0.015), and fluency-based strategies (r = 0.393, p = 0.042), while all other pairings yielded non-significant relationships. These findings suggest that coping strategies are predominantly activated in response to fluency difficulties rather than proactively applied across all reading domains.
Environmental Multilateralism in Crisis: The Future of Global Climate Institutions
Environmental multilateralism has entered a period of profound institutional crisis despite the increasing urgency of climate change. Global climate institutions have struggled to effectively coordinate collective action amid geopolitical tensions, economic inequalities, and weak enforcement mechanisms. This article critically examines the structural and political challenges confronting institutions such as the UNFCCC, IPCC, and UNEP. It further evaluates emerging governance trends including climate clubs, non-state actors, and technological diplomacy. The paper argues that while environmental multilateralism faces declining legitimacy, it remains indispensable for planetary governance. The future of global climate institutions depends upon institutional reform, equitable climate finance, scientific integration, and climate justice.
Nagaland is one of the northeastern states of India. The administrative language of Nagaland is English, although Nagaland has around 17 tribal languages which are part of non- schedule language list as mentioned in census 2011. But none of them could be considered as an official language of this state. As we know that the official languages of India are Hindi and English. According to the census 2011, Hindi is the most spoken language of India with 43.6% of total population of India. It is a language of business, trade, media, communication, social media, jobs and becoming a need of an hour to accept, learn and promote Hindi in Nagaland. Now a days, central and state governments are promoting it in various ways.
From Tradition to Modernity Pedagogical Strategies for Integrating Indian Knowledge Systems in Higher Education
This paper deals with the pedagogical infusion of Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS) in higher education in the context of the National Education Policy 2020 with special reference to the bridging of the interface between tradition and modernity in the time of globalisation. Drawing on a theoretical and conceptual orientation, the paper synthesizes interdisciplinary literature to develop a comprehensive pedagogical framework that includes curriculum design, interdisciplinary teaching, experiential learning and research integration. The study emphasizes the importance of integrating local knowledge, skill-based learning and discipline-specific applications to promote contextual relevance and academic rigor. The results suggest that a hybrid pedagogical model that integrates indigenous epistemologies and current educational practices can promote holistic, inclusive and globally competitive higher education. This study contributes to the ongoing discourse of decolonising knowledge systems.
Adharajan’s Haryanvi Saang-Style Raginis: An Analytical Study in the Context of Pingal Prosody and Folk-Cultural Perspectives (With Reference to Raginis 17–23)
This study presents a critical analysis of Haryanvi Sāng-style Rāgṇīs (17–23) from Adharājan, examining them through the combined frameworks of Pingal prosody and folk-cultural expression. Using a qualitative, text-centric methodology based on close reading and prosodic analysis, the paper explores how classical metrical principles interact with the flexibility of oral-performance traditions. The analysis highlights the dynamic relationship between narrative progression, emotional intensity, and structural design, demonstrating that elements such as mātrā-vinyāsa (syllabic distribution), flexible yati (caesural pauses), and evolving rhyme schemes are not merely formal devices but integral to the expressive and performative power of the compositions. The role of refrain (tek) and popular melodic templates (tarz) is also examined, showing how they enhance audience engagement while extending the accessibility of traditional metrics. The selected rāgṇīs, centered on the figure of Raskapūr, reveal a layered dramaturgy in which themes of love, conspiracy, power, and female subjectivity are articulated through dialogic and monologic poetic forms. Situated within a feudal-patriarchal socio-cultural context, these compositions function as sites of emotional expression, symbolic resistance, and cultural negotiation. The study further argues that Pingal śāstra, rather than remaining rigid, demonstrates considerable adaptability within vernacular practice, allowing for both structural innovation and experiential depth. By integrating literary, prosodic, and cultural perspectives, this paper establishes that Adharājan’s work not only sustains the classical Pingal tradition but also redefines it through performative praxis, thereby contributing significantly to the evolving discourse of North Indian folk poetics and performance literature. Abstract in Hindi Language: यह शोध-पत्र अधराजण की हरियाणवी सांग-शैली की रागणियों (17–23) का पिंगल शास्त्र तथा लोक-सांस्कृतिक परिप्रेक्ष्य में विश्लेषण प्रस्तुत करता है। अध्ययन का उद्देश्य यह स्पष्ट करना है कि ये रागणियाँ शास्त्रीय छंद-विधान और लोक-परंपरागत अभिव्यक्ति के बीच एक सशक्त सेतु निर्मित करती हैं। गुणात्मक, पाठ-आधारित पद्धति के अंतर्गत निकट-पाठ और छंद-विश्लेषण के माध्यम से यह दर्शाया गया है कि मात्रा-विन्यास, यति-संरचना, तुकांत योजना और टेक की पुनरावृत्ति केवल काव्य-शिल्प तक सीमित नहीं रहती, बल्कि भाव-संप्रेषण, नाटकीयता और मंचीय प्रभाव के प्रमुख साधन बनती हैं। लोकप्रिय तर्जों के प्रयोग से रचनाएँ श्रवण-सुलभ बनती हैं और दर्शक-भागीदारी को सुदृढ़ करती हैं। चयनित रागणियाँ, जिनका केंद्र रसकपूर का चरित्र है, प्रेम, षड्यंत्र, सत्ता और स्त्री-अस्मिता जैसे विषयों को संवादात्मक और एकालापीय विन्यास में प्रस्तुत करती हैं। राधा–केशव रूपक, दरबारी षड्यंत्र और कारावास जैसी स्थितियाँ कथ्य को बहुस्तरीय बनाते हुए मध्यकालीन सामंती मानसिकता और स्त्री-विमर्श के अंतर्संबंधों को उद्घाटित करती हैं। अध्ययन यह भी रेखांकित करता है कि पिंगल शास्त्र, अपनी मूल संरचना को बनाए रखते हुए, लोक-प्रयोग में लचीला रूप ग्रहण करता है और नई अभिव्यक्तियों के लिए स्थान निर्मित करता है। समग्रतः, यह शोध प्रतिपादित करता है कि अधराजण की रागणियाँ परंपरा और प्रयोग के संतुलन के माध्यम से पिंगल परंपरा का पुनर्सृजन करती हैं। इस प्रकार वे उत्तर भारतीय लोककाव्य, प्रदर्शन परंपरा और स्त्री-विमर्श के अध्ययन के लिए एक महत्त्वपूर्ण स्रोत के रूप में स्थापित होती हैं। Keywords: हरियाणवी सांग परंपरा, रागणी काव्य, पिंगल शास्त्र, लोक-प्रदर्शन साहित्य, मौखिक परंपरा, सांस्कृतिक आख्यान, स्त्री-विमर्श, प्रदर्शनात्मक सौंदर्यशास्त्र
An Empirical Study of Spiritual Intelligence and Job Satisfaction Among College Teachers
The present empirical study investigates the relationship between spiritual intelligence and job satisfaction among college teachers. The study also aimed to analyze institutional and gender-based differences in spiritual intelligence and job satisfaction. A random sampling technique was employed to select a sample of 400 teachers and 20 colleges representing various academic disciplines from different colleges of district Meerut and Ghaziabad. Standardized instruments, namely the short form of the Integrated Spiritual Intelligence Scale (ISIS) and the Teacher Job Satisfaction Scale (TJSS), were administered to collect the data. The collected data were analyzed using appropriate statistical techniques, including Pearson’s correlation coefficient and the t-test. The findings of the study revealed a strong and positive relationship between spiritual intelligence and job satisfaction among college teachers. The results further indicated that teachers working in government colleges exhibited higher levels of spiritual intelligence and job satisfaction compared to their counterparts in self-financed colleges. Additionally, the study found no significant gender difference in spiritual intelligence; however, female teachers were observed to be more satisfied with their jobs than male teachers. The study highlights the importance of spiritual intelligence as a significant psychological resource in enhancing job satisfaction among college teachers and offers valuable implications for educational administrators and policy makers.
Organic farming is increasingly recognized as a sustainable alternative to conventional agriculture, emphasizing ecological balance, biodiversity conservation, and reduced dependence on chemical inputs. In India, the promotion of organic agriculture is gaining momentum through various policy frameworks and institutional support mechanisms. Odisha, a primarily agrarian state with diverse agro-climatic zones and a high proportion of small and marginal farmers, holds considerable potential for organic farming. This study aims to assess the current status of organic farming in Odisha with three core objectives: (1) to examine the extent and spread of organic farming across the state; (2) to analyze the economic viability of organic practices compared to conventional methods through cost-benefit analysis; and (3) to propose appropriate policy measures for the sustainable expansion of organic agriculture. The findings reveal a growing but regionally concentrated adoption of organic farming, especially in tribal districts like Kandhamal, Koraput, and Rayagada. Organic farming has shown higher profitability in selected crops such as turmeric and millets due to reduced input costs and premium market prices, despite marginally lower yields. Government schemes like the Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) and the Odisha Millet Mission (OMM) have significantly contributed to the promotion of organic farming practices. However, the sector still faces several challenges, including certification hurdles, inadequate market access, and limited farmer awareness. The study concludes that strategic interventions—such as decentralizing certification, strengthening Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs), and integrating organic value chains—are essential for the wider adoption and long-term sustainability of organic farming in Odisha.
Ethnic Life and Cultural Heritage of the Binjhal Tribe of Odisha
Odisha is one of the major tribal states of India, where many tribal communities preserve their unique culture, traditions, language, and social values. Among the 64 recognized tribes of Odisha, the Binjhal tribe holds an important place and is listed at serial number 10 in the Scheduled Tribe list. They are mainly found in the western districts of Odisha such as Bargarh, Balangir, Nuapada, and Sambalpur. According to the 2011 Census, their population is about 1,37,000. Their presiding deity is Maa Bindhyabasini, and their religious life is closely connected with nature worship, ancestor worship, and village deities like Budharaja and Karmasani. This paper studies the origin, naming, family system, marriage customs, food habits, religion, and historical importance of the Binjhal tribe. The name “Binjhal” is believed to come from “Bin + Jhal,” meaning “without sweat,” showing their strength and hardworking nature. Another belief connects their origin with the Vindhya Mountain region. Their title “Bariha” is linked to a legendary wild boar hunting story, symbolizing bravery. The Binjhal family system is patriarchal and mostly joint in nature. They are known as a brave warrior community with strong social values. Their food habits, marriage customs, and festivals reflect their close relationship with agriculture and forests. The contribution of leaders like Madho Singh and Kunjal Singh in freedom struggles also shows their historical importance in Odisha.
Role of Artificial Intelligence in Revolutionizing Lesson Plan for teaching: A Systematic Review
The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in school education is becoming increasingly important. It has significant effects on various dimensions of education system such as instructional practices, assessment strategies, and administrative processes. It also plays a vital role in instructional design or lesson plan. However no systematic review studies focus on summarising research on the role of AI in lesson planning. For this reason, this study aims to systematically review research on the use of AI for lesson planning. The researchers performed a systematic review according to the PRISMA statement. A systematic search was used across IEEE Explore, BASE, ERIC, DOAJ and Science Direct to identify peer reviewed articles spanning from 1 January 2010 to 30 March 2026.Keywords used were “AI or Artificial Intelligence, Generative AI” and “Lesson Plan or Instructional design” and “School”. A total of 627 titles and abstracts were screened for eligibility, of which 29 articles met eligibility criteria for full text review. Following a more detailed screening, 21 articles met the criteria for inclusion in the systematic review. The findings indicate that AI provides significant advantages, like reducing time in material creation, boosting creativity in pedagogy and streamlined lesson organisation. This study reveals that most of the in-service and pre-service teachers use AI tools like Gemini, ChatGPT and Microsoft copilot and magic school AI for designing the lesson plan. However, application of AI tools comes with several challenges such as inconsistent quality and less contextual relevance, necessitating proper human oversight and evaluation.
This paper examines the dramatic protagonists of Indian contemporary fiction as advanced by the author Preeti Shenoy. It is argued that Shenoy’s protagonists are not ‘women of substance’ by virtue of being flawless or publicly revolutionary. Rather, they are the women, who survive the most difficult crossroads, and the constant motion beyond emotional breakdown, family disputes, social and class anxieties and judgment Shenoy’s work challenges the Indian literary fiction canon as she addresses the heretofore under-accounted issues such as the complexities of mental health, the institution of marriage, the world of work, the and care, as well as the self identity of Indian women, offered in an accessible and compelling manner. Key protagonists of Shenoy’s fiction such as Ankita, Vipasha, Veda, Diksha, and Alka and women characters in ‘The One You Cannot Have’ are analyzed in the light of the emerging ‘new Indian woman’ in contemporary Indian women’s fiction, and the post-liberalization Indian chick-lit. It also employs contemporary India data on women’s labour, unpaid carework, and mental health to establish the social realism of her characters. It is ascertained that Shenoy offers women protagonists W emotional depth and moral richness, however most of her fiction situates empowerment as ‘personal negotiation’ rather than a viable ‘collective empowerment’. Despite this, her protagonists are the first to showcase the complexities of women’s private realms in the popular Indian novel.
Socio-economic Determinants of Educational Dropout among Tribal Students: A Study of Madarihat-Birpara Block, Alipurduar District
This study explores the socio-economic determinants of educational dropout among tribal students in the Madarihat-Birpara Block of West Bengal, where high dropout rates remain a pressing concern. Using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected from 50 tribal students through structured questionnaires, along with interviews of parents and teachers to capture diverse perspectives. The findings reveal that poverty, family responsibilities, cultural marginalization, and inadequate educational infrastructure are the primary drivers of dropout. Gender disparities are evident, with boys often leaving school for agricultural or wage labour, while girls face household duties, sibling care, and early marriage. Class distribution data shows that most students are concentrated in Classes 5–8, but dropout accelerates after Class 8, making secondary education the most fragile stage. Family responsibilities (38%) and financial constraints (26%) emerge as the leading causes, followed by poor academic performance (22%) and lack of interest in studies (14%). Teachers highlight language barriers, absenteeism, and the absence of culturally sensitive pedagogy as further challenges. The study concludes that dropout is a systemic issue rooted in socio-economic insecurity rather than individual choice, and recommends financial assistance, culturally inclusive curricula, parental engagement, and vocational support to ensure sustainable education for tribal students in Madarihat-Birpara.
Silence in Kalinga, Voice at the Frontier: A Comparative Study of Spatial Messaging in the Edicts of Ashoka
This study examines the spatial distribution of the edicts of Ashoka and argues that they reflect a deliberate strategy of differentiated political communication rather than a uniform expression of moral governance. While the Kalinga War is described in detail in Major Rock Edict XIII at northwestern frontier sites such as Shahbazgarhi and Mansehra, it is notably absent in inscriptions located within the conquered region of Kalinga, including Dhauli and Jaugada. This asymmetry raises critical questions regarding the intended audience and function of these texts. Drawing on a comparative spatial-textual analysis of selected inscriptions, this article demonstrates that Ashoka’s proclamations were strategically calibrated according to regional political contexts. In newly annexed territories, the omission of conquest narratives functioned to stabilize authority and suppress traumatic memory. In contrast, at imperial frontiers, the articulation of remorse served to project moral legitimacy and reinforce imperial authority. Building on recent scholarship by Nayanjot Lahiri and Upinder Singh, this study introduces the concepts of asymmetrical spatial messaging and the geopolitics of inscription to reinterpret Ashoka’s edicts as instruments of governance. The findings contribute to a broader understanding of how ancient empires used spatially differentiated communication to manage power, memory, and legitimacy.
Sustainable Economic Development through Cultural Tourism in Lucknow
This paper examines the historical evolution, heritage resources, infrastructure, economic impact, and tourist perceptions of cultural and heritage tourism in Lucknow, with the aim of suggesting sustainable policy strategies for tourism development in Uttar Pradesh. Tourism is a key driver of employment, poverty reduction, and economic growth, gaining priority in national planning. While policy reforms support its expansion, the sector faces volatility and competition. Beyond economic gains, tourism aids heritage conservation and improves living standards but also affects ecosystems and sociocultural values. The paper is based on secondary data and urban tourism, infrastructure, and governance, analyzing stakeholder perceptions to develop a roadmap for sustainable cultural and pilgrimage tourism.
Ethics in the Age of Artificial Intelligence
The rapid development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has brought revolutionary changes in various fields of human life in the 21st century, including education, healthcare, industry, administration, and communication. This technology makes tasks more efficient, faster, and more accurate; however, it has also given rise to several ethical challenges. This study analyzes the concept, development, capabilities, and social impacts of AI, while also explaining the role of ethics in detail. The purpose of AI ethics is to ensure that technology is used in accordance with human values, rights, and social welfare. Major ethical concerns include algorithmic bias, violation of data privacy, lack of transparency and accountability, job displacement, deepfakes, and autonomous weapons. To address these issues, transparent systems, diverse datasets, strict regulatory frameworks, a human-centered approach, and public awareness are essential. Abstract in Hindi Language: कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता के तीव्र विकास ने 21वीं सदी में मानव जीवन के विभिन्न क्षेत्रों- शिक्षा, स्वास्थ्य, उद्योग, प्रशासन और संचारकृमें क्रांतिकारी परिवर्तन लाया है। यह तकनीक कार्यों को अधिक कुशल, तेज और सटीक बनाती है, परंतु इसके साथ अनेक नैतिक चुनौतियाँ भी उभरकर सामने आई हैं। इस अध्ययन में एआई की अवधारणा, विकास, क्षमताओं तथा इसके सामाजिक प्रभावों का विश्लेषण किया गया है, साथ ही नैतिकता की भूमिका को विस्तार से समझाया गया है। एआई नैतिकता का उद्देश्य यह सुनिश्चित करना है कि तकनीक का उपयोग मानव मूल्यों, अधिकारों और सामाजिक कल्याण के अनुरूप हो। प्रमुख नैतिक चिंताओं में एल्गोरिथमिक पक्षपात, डेटा गोपनीयता का उल्लंघन, पारदर्शिता और जवाबदेही की कमी, रोजगार विस्थापन, डीपफेक और स्वायत्त हथियार शामिल हैं। इन समस्याओं के समाधान के लिए पारदर्शी प्रणालियाँ, विविध डेटा, सख्त नियामक ढाँचा, मानव-केंद्रित दृष्टिकोण तथा जागरूकता आवश्यक हैं। Keywords: कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता, एआई नैतिकता, एल्गोरिथमिक पक्षपात, डेटा गोपनीयता, पारदर्शिता, उत्तरदायित्व, स्वचालन, और मानव-केंद्रित तकनीक
Self-Efficacy in Art Integration: Investigating how intensive training in visual arts pedagogy influences the confidence and classroom practices of pre-service teachers
This paper explores how intensive training can be used in visual arts pedagogy to improve pre-service teachers self-efficacy and classroom practices. Arts integration in modern-day education has been developed as an effective tool in education that promotes creativity, engagement, and learning. Nonetheless, lack of exposure and poor training is associated with low confidence levels in integrating visual arts in teaching by many pre-service teachers. Based on the theory of self-efficacy of Bandura, the study investigates the effects of structured and practice-based training on teachers and their beliefs about their instructional abilities and readiness to embrace new teaching strategies. The mixed-method approach was used to collect data on pre-service teachers that were measured using self-efficacy scales, questionnaires, and reflective observations prior to and after attending an intensive training program. The results show that the level of confidence of the participants has greatly increased, and the practices of the classroom of the participants have changed towards more interactive and arts-based approaches. The paper describes that experiential training is a critical factor in closing the gap between theory and practice. It concludes that meaningful change in the teaching practices can be achieved by enhancing self-efficacy using specific interventions and recommends the introduction of arts training programs into the teacher education curriculum.
Major Sources for the Study of Indian Buddhism
In the historiography of Buddhism, archaeological sources can be identified much more accurately in terms of place and time than written documents, and they also provide followers of Indian Buddhism with a form of “unrestricted” access to the religion. Despite all these factors, a large section of modern Buddhist scholarship still regards written texts as the most important and authentic source of information about Buddhism, while archaeological material is viewed merely as supplementary evidence. In other words, the significance of archaeological sources as independent evidence has long been neglected. This study attempts to demonstrate that Buddhist studies based solely on written documents, without the support of archaeology, may produce highly misleading conclusions whose authenticity remains questionable.
Important Buddhist places and Indian Buddhism
The study of Indian Buddhism has traditionally relied upon two major categories of sources: textual materials and archaeological epigraphic evidence. This study critically examines the limitations of text-centered approaches and highlights the significance of archaeological evidence in reconstructing the history and nature of Indian Buddhism. Written sources largely reflect the perspectives of a small literate elite and were often shaped by later religious, political, and sectarian influences. Furthermore, many Buddhist texts were compiled centuries after the Buddha’s lifetime, survive only in altered versions, and are preserved mainly outside India, making chronological authenticity difficult to establish. Victorian-era Indologists and colonial scholars further reinforced a textual understanding of Buddhism, treating literary traditions as the primary representation of “real Buddhism.” In contrast, archaeological and epigraphic sources provide more direct and relatively unbiased insights into the actual religious practices of Buddhist communities across different social and economic groups. Excavations at sites such as Sanchi, Bharhut, Bodh Gaya, and Lumbini demonstrate that material evidence often challenges textual assumptions regarding monastic life, renunciation, and sacred geography. The study also emphasizes that Buddhist monuments such as stupas, chaityas, and vihāras were not exclusively Buddhist and must be understood within the broader multi-religious context of ancient India. Overall, the paper argues that a balanced integration of textual and archaeological evidence is essential for a more accurate understanding of Indian Buddhism.
Policy Framework and Government Support for Creative Startups: Promoting Collaboration, Innovation, and Sustainable Growth
Creative startups are transformative and emerging as an important component of modern women entrepreneurial communities. These enterprises function in various sectors such as modern-design & crafts with digital media, fashion, architecture, cultural production, and other innovation-centric fields that rely heavily on intellectual creativity genius skills. In recent years, governments around the globe have begun to recognize the economic and social value of creative industries and have introduced policies to promote women entrepreneurship within this sector. In India, initiatives like Startup India, make in India, and the Atal Innovation Mission have provided a growth-oriented environment for new businesses, including creative projects. This chapter explores the policy framework and government support mechanisms that contribute to the long-term development and sustainability of creative startups. It also assesses how collaboration with other startups for growth, innovation through the invention of by-products, waste management approach, and corporate-style professionalism play a significant role in advancing the creative entrepreneurial ecosystem. These elements are particularly relevant in the context of sustainable long-term development and the circular economy, where creative enterprises often upcycle unused materials into innovative useful products. The study is based on qualitative as well as quantitate analysis using secondary sources such as government reports, policy guidelines, academic literature, and case studies related to women entrepreneurship and creative industries. The analysis highlights the importance of policy support, funding opportunities, incubation facilities, skill development programs, and sound management practices in enabling creative startups to grow and compete in the present market. The chapter concludes that well-structured policy frameworks combined with collaborative networks and sustainable long-term innovation practices can significantly enhance the contribution of creative startups in Indian economic development. It also provides recommendations for policymakers, academic institutions, and entrepreneurs to improve the creative startup ecosystem in the country.
Impact of River-bank Erosion on the Riverine Vulnerable Women in Panchanandapur of Malda District, West Bengal
Riverbank erosion is a persistent environmental hazard in the lower Gangetic plains, particularly in the Malda district of West Bengal. The erosion is a constant, yearly threat, often destroying crops and forcing villagers to live in fear of losing their homes, specifically during the peak monsoon season. This article examines the recent trend of shifting course of the river ganga and gendered dimensions of riverbank erosion affected in Panchanandapur. While erosion results in land loss, displacement, and livelihood insecurity for all, women experience disproportionate vulnerability due to existing socio-economic inequalities, restricted mobility, and limited access to resources. Around 130 women were selected by a random stratified sampling technique from riverine areas of Panchanandapur. Both primary and secondary data have been used. It has been observed how Ganga River erosion reshapes women’s roles, increases unpaid care burdens, and affects their health, security, and economic participation. The paper argues for gender-sensitive policy interventions, inclusive disaster management, and strengthened local governance mechanisms to address the intersecting challenges of environmental degradation and gender inequality.
Socio-Structural Determinants of Adolescent Modernization: Interplay of Residential Context and Socio-Economic Status (SES) in Punjab
Adolescence is a crucial developmental stage during which individuals experience rapid social and psychological changes. In this phase, modernization plays a significant role in shaping attitudes, values, and behavioural patterns. The present study examines the relationship between modernization and socio-economic status (SES) among secondary school adolescents in Ludhiana, Punjab, with reference to gender and residential differences. The study followed a descriptive survey method and included a stratified random sample of 200 adolescents drawn equally from urban and rural areas. Standardized tools were used to assess modernization and socio-economic status. The data were analysed using independent samples t-test and Pearson’s product–moment correlation. The findings revealed that there was no significant difference between boys and girls in terms of modernization and socio-economic status, suggesting that similar educational exposure and access to media may be influencing both groups. However, a significant difference was observed between urban and rural adolescents, with urban students scoring higher on both modernization and SES. This indicates that residential background continues to shape adolescents’ opportunities and experiences. Further, a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.42) was found between modernization and socio-economic status, implying that economic conditions play an important role in fostering modern outlooks, though other factors may also contribute. The study highlights the need for focused socio-educational efforts to reduce urban–rural disparities and promote balanced development among adolescents across different socio-economic backgrounds.
Examining the Impact of Social Maturity on High School Academic Performance
The main objective of this study was to study the social maturity of male and female students in Palanpur district and to study the social maturity of students Percent above 75% and below. This study included 200 students from different schools of Palanpur district. Research Design: A 2 X 2 factorial design was used in this research. Dr. Roma Pal (1986) established the Omnibus Social Maturity Scale (ACSSM). The scale has 50 items, and the reliability coefficients were estimated as 0.834 and 0.793, respectively. In conclusion, gender does not inherently affect social maturity, but academic performance, especially among female students, does. While academic success has no influence on social maturity of males, females percent above 75% show significantly more social maturity. This suggests that for female students, academic excellence and social maturity are closely intertwined.
Enhancing Secondary School Biology Students’ Achievement Through Culturally Responsive Pedagogy
Culture is a way of livings, things and behaviours pattern of every community. This rigorous research investigates the effectiveness of Culturally Responsive Pedagogy (CRP) on the academic achievement of secondary school students, especially biology students. In traditional science instruction classroom system remains textbook driven and disconnected from student’s culture and lived experiences. In this context, students unable to connect classroom instructions to real life experiences. CRP helps to integrates learner’s cultural backgrounds and indigenous community knowledge into the curriculum to create inclusive, equitable and conceptual clarity. This study utilized two group pre-test and post-test experimental designs which involving 75 Class- IX students. The experimental group received CRP-based instruction over twelve weeks while the control group followed a conventional lecture-based approach. Data analysis through ANCOVA revealed a statistically significant difference in performance with the CRP group achieving a notably higher adjusted mean score (21.47) compared to the control group (18.20). The results demonstrated a moderate-to-large effect size that indicating the CRP effectively enhances understanding across genders while controlling for prior knowledge. The findings prove that connecting biological concepts with indigenous knowledge and student’s sociocultural realities significantly improves actively engagement in classroom and academic success. This study concludes that CRP is a transformative pedagogical orientation that promotes inclusive and meaningful learning. It advocates for curriculum reform and teacher training focused on cultural responsiveness to bridge achievement gaps and develop scientifically literate and socially responsible citizens.
Understanding and Managing STRESS at Workplace
Workplace stress has become a major concern in modern organizations due to increasing workloads, technological advancements and changing work environments. It affects employees’ physical health, psychological well-being and overall organizational productivity. This seminar paper aims to explore the concept of workplace stress, its causes, theoretical frameworks, effects on employees and organizations and effective strategies for managing stress. The study highlights both individual and organizational approaches to stress management and emphasizes the need for proactive interventions to create a healthy work environment.
Spatio-Temporal Assessment of Channel Morpho-dynamics of the Kaljani River in the Eastern Himalayan Foothills of West Bengal Using Field-Based Cross-Sectional Surveys and Multi-Temporal Satellite Data
This study investigates the spatio-temporal changes in channel morphology of the Kaljani River, a Himalayan foothill-fed alluvial river in northern West Bengal, India. A 98 km river stretch was analysed by integrating field-based cross-sectional surveys from 2022, 2023, and 2024 with multi-temporal satellite imagery for 1973, 1991, and 2023. The study evaluated longitudinal profile, channel width, mean and maximum depth, width-depth ratio, cross-sectional area, velocity, discharge, braiding index, sinuosity index, and sandbar dynamics to understand reach-wise morphological adjustment. Results show that the river profile declines from about 119 m in the upstream section to nearly 45 m downstream, indicating a progressive reduction in channel gradient. The upper reach is characterized by a wide, shallow, sediment-rich channel, with maximum width of about 642 m at Chuapara and width-depth ratios exceeding 550. In contrast, the downstream reach becomes narrower and deeper, with maximum depth reaching 5.725 m at Bhelakopa Pratham Khanda in 2023. Planform analysis indicates intensified braiding in the upper reach, where the braiding index increased from 0.84 in 1973 to 2.66 in 2023, accompanied by a rise in sandbar number from 26 to 133. Sinuosity is more prominent in the lower reaches, particularly Reach 4, where the index reached about 1.83 in 2023. Overall, the Kaljani River shows a transition from an aggradation-dominated, braided upstream reach to a deeper, more confined, and locally sinuous downstream reach, with implications for flood conveyance, sediment management, bank stability, and river corridor planning.
Government Initiatives in the Tourism Sector and Its Impact on the Economy of Assam
Assam, endowed with rich natural beauty, biodiversity, and cultural heritage, has emerged as a significant tourism destination in India, contributing substantially to the state economy through income generation, employment creation, and regional development. This study examines the impact of government-led tourism initiatives, such as the Swadesh Darshan Scheme, PRASAD, Incredible India campaigns, and eco- and cultural tourism programs, on Assam’s economic growth. Using a mixed-methods approach combining secondary data from government reports, tourism statistics, and primary data from field surveys and stakeholder interviews, the research analyses tourism’s direct and indirect contributions to GDP, employment, and local entrepreneurship. Findings reveal that domestic tourist arrivals increased by 626% between 2020–21 and 2022–23, while international arrivals surged to 26,000 in 2023–24, reflecting robust post-pandemic recovery. Tourism revenue grew from ₹105.72 crore in 2015–16 to ₹580 crore in 2023–24, supporting approximately 98,000 jobs and generating significant multiplier effects across allied sectors, including hospitality, transport, handicrafts, and agriculture. The study also highlights challenges such as inadequate infrastructure, environmental concerns, and regional disparities that constrain sustainable growth. Policy interventions, public-private partnerships, skill development, and community-based tourism initiatives are identified as critical enablers for inclusive, resilient, and sustainable tourism development. The research underscores the potential of Assam’s tourism sector to further enhance socio-economic development, strengthen cultural promotion, and foster long-term regional prosperity.