RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary

Climatic Change and Performance of Agro-based Projects of Rwanda Co-operative Agricultural Growth

RUTUKU Emmanuel — 2025-10-15

Climate change posed major challenges to agriculture, significantly affecting the performance of agro-based projects in Rwanda. The Rwanda Cooperative Agricultural Growth (RCAG) initiative was particularly impacted by shifting precipitation patterns, rising temperatures, and seasonal climate variability, which threatened productivity, sustainability, and profitability. This study assessed how climate variability influenced the performance of agro-based projects under RCAG. Specifically, it examined the effects of precipitation shifts, rising temperatures, and seasonal variability on agricultural productivity and project outcomes. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining quantitative and qualitative data. The study adopted descriptive and correlational research designs. The target population consisted of 500 cooperative farmers, extension officers, and policymakers, from which a sample of 222 respondents was drawn using Taro Yamane’s formula. Stratified random sampling was applied to farmers, while purposive sampling identified key informants. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and key informant interviews. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS for descriptive and inferential statistics, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically. Ethical considerations such as informed consent, confidentiality, and institutional approval were strictly observed. The findings revealed that precipitation shifts had a strong effect on yield, sustainability, and economic viability (M = 4.62, SD = 0.75), while rising temperatures significantly reduced productivity and increased adaptation costs (M = 4.68, SD = 0.66). Seasonal variability also disrupted farm planning and project outcomes (M = 4.64, SD = 0.70). Regression analysis showed that climatic factors collectively explained 84.3% of the variance in agro-based project performance (R² = 0.843, p < 0.001). Qualitative interviews supported these results, with cooperative leaders highlighting challenges such as irregular rainfall, high irrigation costs, and the limited affordability of climate-smart technologies. The study concluded that climate change significantly affected the performance of agro-based projects in Rwanda, with precipitation shifts being the most influential factor. It recommended that resilience strategies should integrate government policies, affordable technological innovations, and farmer awareness programs.

Immunization in Pediatric Neurodevelopmental disorders: Current Evidence-Based Recommendations

Jenefer Pamalene Richard — 2025-10-15

Pediatric Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) comprise of Autism and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), as well as NDDs due to specific genetic anomaly such as Down Syndrome (DS). This narrative review collates relevant evidence up to August 2025 pertaining to safety, immunogenicity and efficacy profile of various vaccines in NDDs. Level and grade of evidence pertaining to vaccination in these conditions with each vaccine is documented, and current recommendations for immunization in NDDs are summarised. Per current guidelines, all vaccines are recommended; and no vaccine is contraindicated in NDDs including ASD and ADHD. All vaccines are recommended in DS with special emphasis on vaccines against respiratory and middle ear pathogens. Pneumococcal conjugate and polysaccharide, Influenza, Varicella, Meningococcal conjugate, Mumps Measles and Rubella, Hepatitis B and COVID-19 vaccines are specifically recommended. Current recommendations for infant monoclonal antibodies Nirsevimab and Clesrovimab for immunization against Respiratory Syncytial Virus in DS are not different from normal children.

Exploring Day-to-Day Activities in a Preschool: A Participant Observation Study

Anamika Singh — 2025-10-15

This study presents findings from a participant observation conducted at Demonstration Preschool to explore how daily routines, social interactions, and learning experiences contribute to early childhood development. Over the course of one week, a total of 20 hours were spent observing a classroom of 5 to 6 year-old children engaged in a variety of structured and unstructured learning activities. The primary objective was to understand how the physical environment, teacher-led activities, and peer interactions collectively shape children’s engagement, learning behaviors, and social-emotional growth. Research findings revealed that, a thoughtfully designed physical setting—with clearly defined learning centers, open access to varied materials, and flexible spatial arrangements—encouraged children to make independent choices and collaborate with peers. Such an environment promoted higher levels of engagement, creativity, and cooperative play. Teacher-led sessions that emphasized inquiry, dialogue, and hands-on exploration were observed to stimulate curiosity and sustained attention, while overly structured and directive tasks tended to limit spontaneous learning opportunities. The study also highlighted the importance of unstructured play periods, where children practiced negotiation, empathy, and problem-solving in natural social contexts. Present research, underscores the need for intentional and responsive learning environments that integrate guided instruction with opportunities for child-initiated exploration. By balancing structure with flexibility, educators can create spaces that nurture cognitive, social, and emotional dimensions of early development, ultimately supporting a more holistic approach to preschool education.

M.K. Binodini Devi's Itamacha: Identity, Belonging and Cultural Hybridity

Elangbam Hemanta Singh — 2025-10-15

Itamacha, a short story by M.K. Binodini Devi, provides a complicated examination of identity, cultural hybridity, and relocation in the socio-political context of post-merger Manipur. The story illustrates the conflicts between resistance and assimilation, rootedness and detachment, via the characters of Itamacha and her family. Whereas Kasturi represents isolation and defies assimilation into Meitei society, Mishralal represents emotional affiliation through ancestral memory and affinity to the Imphal river. Based on Howard S. Becker’s concept of the “outsider,” Stuart Hall’s conception of “living with difference,” and Homi K. Bhabha’s theory of hybridity, the narrative explores how migrant families maintain their social identity in spite of generational assimilation. From feminist perspectives, Kasturi's stance is complex which sees her disengagement as both exclusion and action. Her usage of Hindi echoes Gayatri Spivak's query about the subaltern's ability to communicate, a rejection that further solidifies her marginalisation. Heidegger's existentialist viewpoint, in which Mishralal's move represents an ontological break from his true reality, is further supported by the story. Ultimately, Itamacha reveals the precarious coexistence of diversity and identity in postcolonial countries while highlighting the ways in which memory, cultural practices, and daily disputes form belonging.

Narrating the Unruly Body: Disability, Femininity, and Counter-Discourse in Women's Autobiographies

Neethu Varghese — 2025-10-15

Women’s disability autobiographies occupy unique position within resistance literature, challenging the restrictive paradigms of gender and ability, addressing the double marginalization faced by women who are disabled. This article examines women's disability autobiographies as potent sites of counter-discourse that challenge intersecting oppressions of ableism and patriarchy. The study aims to analyse texts by Malini Chib, Rebekah Taussig, and Shivani Gupta through an intersectional feminist disability studies framework. The analysis reveals how these authors try to deconstruct normative ideals of femininity and how they reclaim agency through their narratives. The study argues that these life writings are not merely personal testimonials but are acts of political resistance that redefine concepts of normalcy, forge collective identity, and contribute significantly to feminist and disability scholarship.

Vibes of Sirmaur: An Exploration of Folk Dances of Sirmour District of Himachal Pradesh

Joginder Singh Habbi — 2025-10-15

The present research paper has explored the folk dances of the Sirmour District of Himachal Pradesh. The study aimed to find out the folk dance forms of the Sirmour district. Different folk and tribal dances of the Sirmour district, like Sirmouri Natti, Budha Dance, Thoda Dance, Dhilli Natti, Sinhtoo Dance, Bharaltoo Dance and Dagyali Nach are described. Besides this, the paper has discussed the cultural groups of the district, which played a crucial role in the promotion of folk art forms of Sirmour. This paper has also highlighted the folk artists awarded by the state and the central government for their contribution to the field of folk culture.

The Algorithmic Traveler: Conceptualizing the Role of Artificial Intelligence in the Future of Tourism

Seemanta Kumar Deka — 2025-10-15

This paper frames the growing insights of the conceptual role that Artificial Intelligence (AI) will play in building the new future of tourism through the emergent figure of the Algorithmic Traveler. AI Technological tools comprise machine learning, natural language processing, and predictive analytics; they soon advance beyond their present relatively limited transactional roles to progressively more fundamentally redefine every stage in the traveler’s journey—from inspiration and planning to on-site experience and post-trip reflection. The paper puts forward a conceptual framework that discusses the transformative impact of AI across three major dimensions: personalization, operational efficiency, and sustainability. On one hand, it offers hyper-personalized itineraries with real-time dynamic pricing alongside predictive service delivery making travelers happy as well as increasing profits for the industry and on the other hand integration of such a system brings about some very pertinent issues concerning data privacy and algorithmic bias not forgetting the possible displacement of human agents, and the necessity of ensuring ethical governance. It is finally a paper about human-machine collaboration in the tourism industry of the future, urging industry stakeholders, policymakers, and technologists to proactively account for these ethical and societal dimensions so that AI becomes an enabler of a more inclusive, efficient, and sustainable travel ecosystem—not just an optimizer of existing models. The analysis here should be regarded as setting the baseline perspective for undertaking empirically-driven analyses about AI adoption in tourism henceforth.

The role of spirituality in psychological stress, insecurity and loneliness among tribals students: A comparative study

Shashikant Verma — 2025-10-15

Spirituality has been identified as an important factor in psychological well-being among students, especially in culturally diverse societies. Nevertheless, the tribal students in India are subjected to several psychological issues such as stress, insecurity, and loneliness because of the fast modernization, cultural displacement, and the lack of culturally sensitive support structures. This paper will seek to investigate the asset of spirituality in mediating and forecasting mental strain, insecurity, and isolation among tribal and non-tribal students in Godda district of Jharkhand. A total of 150 students (75 tribal and 75 non-tribal) were used as a cross-sectional, comparative, and quantitative research design. Standardized scales were used, such as the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale (DSES), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), Security-Insecurity Inventory and UCLA Loneliness Scale. The t-tests, correlation, regression, moderation, and SEM statistical analyses demonstrated that spirituality was a negative predictor of stress, insecurity, and loneliness (p < 0.05). Spirituality was found to play a protective role in tribal students because they were found to have considerably increased spirituality and decreased psychological distress compared with non-tribal students. The paper concludes that religiousness is a cultural resilience factor that improves emotional balance and belongingness. The future studies should work on culturally based, spiritually inculcated mental health interventions in order to assist indigenous and marginalized students in post-secondary education.

A Review on Critical Language Pedagogy: A Formal Analysis of Theory, Practice, and Future Directions

R Rari — 2025-10-15

In this fast-paced world, the concept of false consciousness has escalated to an alarming extent, where people are unable to decipher truth from false, which can be equated to man’s tendency to normalize and sometimes even legitimize injustices prevailing in the society. Critical Language Pedagogy (CLP) aims to critically analyse the world around by evaluating the language as it relates to issues of equity, power, and social justice, and to inform a critical stance, response and/or action. It aids one to have multiple perspectives and enables to look for bias, if any, its sources, or reasons. Eventually, CLP encourage people to realize that repetition is not reality and to change the norms that are believed to be immutable for ages. This article presents a critical examination of the theoretical background and practical applications of CLP as a transformative approach within the field of language education. Employed with foundations in the work of Paulo Freire and strengthened by recent arguments for ethical commitment by Crookes, this article explores the mechanisms by which CLP empowers learners to critically deconstruct linguistic and social norms, thereby fostering a heightened state of social consciousness and agency. The article surveys key pedagogical strategies, including problem-posing education, dialogical exchange and project-based learning, which are increasingly realized through multimodal and digital formats. Furthermore, this analysis addresses criticisms directed at CLP, the inherent complexity of its implementation, and the necessity of engaging with contemporary decolonial and algorithmic challenges. The article concludes with an outlining of prospective research directions, advocating for empirical investigations designed to measure the long-term impact of CLP on learner empowerment, academic achievement, and social transformation.

Digital Persuasion or Digital Exploitation? Understanding the impacts of FOMO Marketing on Gen Z Consumer Behaviour

Liya Peter — 2025-10-15

Purpose: Digital marketing has led to the development of new strategies to influence consumer behaviour, and Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) marketing has become one of the primary target marketing campaigns aimed at Gen Z to generate urgency and anxiety, commonly leading to impulsive buying. This paper explores the psychological and behavioural effects of FOMO marketing on Gen Z consumers, which focuses on anxiety and urgency as mediators of impulsive purchases, perceived manipulation as a moderator of brand trust, and post-purchase regret as outcomes. Research design and methods: The survey of 300 Indian Gen Z users of social media was cross-sectional, and data were analysed using SPSS to conduct descriptive, correlational, regression, mediation, and moderation analysis of the data. Results: Results indicate that FOMO marketing has a high level of increasing anxiety and urgency, which partially mediates impulsive purchase, and perceived manipulation enhances the adverse effect of impulsive purchases on brand trust. Exposure to FOMO cues is also positively related to post-purchase regret. Research indicates that FOMO marketing is two-sided because, on the one hand, it may result in immediate sales, but on the other hand, it may have some psychological and ethical implications, causing losses in consumer trust and satisfaction in the long-term view. Implications: These findings can inform marketers with useful implications to create ethically transparent FOMO campaigns and theoretical advances by incorporating psychological mediators and perceptions of manipulation into FOMO studies.

Geographical Assessment of Mineral Distribution in the Context of India’s Geological Structure

Sunil Kumar Gupta — 2025-10-15

India is a country extremely rich in mineral resources. Its land contains both metallic and non-metallic minerals such as iron ore, manganese, bauxite, mica, limestone, coal, and petroleum. These minerals have played a vital role in shaping and accelerating India’s industrial and economic development. However, their spatial distribution is not uniform. Some regions of the country are highly mineral-rich, while others are almost devoid of minerals. This uneven distribution has resulted from variations in India’s geological structure, rock composition, and geomorphological processes. This research paper presents a geographical study of India’s mineral resources. It analyzes different geological belts—such as the northeastern plateau region, the southwestern plateau region, the northwestern Aravalli region, and the Himalayan region. Special emphasis is given to major metallic minerals like iron ore and manganese, discussing their formation, geographical occurrence, and industrial importance in detail. These minerals are considered the backbone of India’s iron and steel industry as well as its construction sector. The study also highlights that mineral-rich states like Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and Karnataka have developed into major industrial centers, while mineral-poor regions have lagged behind in development. Thus, this study clarifies the relationship between India’s geological structure, mineral distribution, and economic geography. It also suggests that India’s mineral wealth is not only the foundation of industrial progress but, if utilized wisely, can also lead to sustainable and inclusive development.

Abstract in Hindi Language: भारत खनिज संसाधनों की दृष्टि से अत्यंत समृद्ध देश है। यहाँ की धरती में धात्विक और अधात्विक दोनों प्रकार के खनिज पाए जाते हैं — जैसे लौह अयस्क, मैंगनीज़, बॉक्साइट, अभ्रक, चूना पत्थर, कोयला, पेट्रोलियम आदि। इन खनिजों ने भारत के औद्योगिक तथा आर्थिक विकास को दिशा और गति दी है। किंतु इनका स्थानिक वितरण समान नहीं है। देश के कुछ क्षेत्र अत्यधिक खनिज-संपन्न हैं, जबकि कई क्षेत्र लगभग खनिज-विहीन हैं। यह असमानता भारत की भूगर्भीय संरचना, चट्टानों की प्रकृति तथा भू-आकृतिक प्रक्रियाओं के अंतर के कारण उत्पन्न हुई है। इस शोधपत्र में भारत के खनिज संसाधनों का भौगोलिक अध्ययन किया गया है। इसमें विभिन्न भूगर्भीय पट्टियों — जैसे उत्तर-पूर्वी पठारी क्षेत्र, दक्षिण-पश्चिमी पठारी क्षेत्र, उत्तर-पश्चिमी अरावली क्षेत्र, और हिमालयी क्षेत्र — का विश्लेषण किया गया है। विशेष रूप से लौह अयस्क और मैंगनीज़ जैसे प्रमुख धात्विक खनिजों की संरचना, भौगोलिक स्थिति और औद्योगिक महत्व का विस्तृत विवेचन किया गया है। ये खनिज भारत के लौह-इस्पात उद्योग और निर्माण क्षेत्र की रीढ़ माने जाते हैं। अध्ययन में यह भी बताया गया है कि खनिज-संपन्न प्रदेश जैसे झारखंड, ओडिशा, छत्तीसगढ़, और कर्नाटक देश के प्रमुख औद्योगिक क्षेत्रों के रूप में विकसित हुए हैं, जबकि खनिज-विहीन क्षेत्र विकास में पिछड़े रह गए हैं। इस प्रकार, यह अध्ययन भारत की भूगर्भीय संरचना, खनिज वितरण और आर्थिक भूगोल के बीच संबंध को स्पष्ट करता है तथा यह दर्शाता है कि भारत की खनिज संपदा न केवल औद्योगिक प्रगति का आधार है, बल्कि यदि इसका विवेकपूर्ण उपयोग किया जाए तो यह सतत और समावेशी विकास का मार्ग भी प्रशस्त कर सकती है।

Keywords: भूगर्भीय संरचना, स्थानिक वितरण, खनिज पट्टियाँ, लौह अयस्क, मैंगनीज़, आर्थिक भूगोल, सतत खनन।

The Estranged Voice: An Exploration of Postcolonial Exile in R Parthasarathy's Rough Passage

Lalit Kumar Singh — 2025-10-15

R. Parthasarathy’s Rough Passage (1977) very vividly encapsulates the themes of exile, identity, and cultural displacement that define postcolonial Indian English literature. Rough Passage captures the subtle process of self-discovery amid the challenges of cultural hybridity. The dilemma of postcolonial identity has been focused with keen interest. The poem explores the poet’s journey from Western alienation to self-discovery in India, revealing the inner conflicts of a mind divided between two cultures.

The Sacred Earth: Ecosophy and Ecospirituality in the film Kadaisi Vivasayi

Riya Susan Scariah — 2025-10-15

Ecosophy and ecospirituality are two ecological concepts relevant in the modern society to mitigate environmental degradation and promote sustainable development. These philosophical approaches seek to reevaluate cultural practices, and promotes more reciprocal and respectful relationship between human and the environment. Ecosophy emphasizes the intrinsic value of nature while ecospirituality connects humans to the natural world through spiritual experiences. This paper aims at looking into the perspective of ecosophy and ecospirituality through the film Kadaisi Vivasai (2021). It also explores the complex environmental issues like the climate changes, deforestations, and highlights the relevance of tinai, or the traditional ecosystem and indigenous knowledge in building up ecological consciousness.

Reclaiming the Natural State: Community Consciousness Beyond the Social Contract

A D Prince Prasanna — 2025-10-15

Modern political philosophy has long been anchored in the contractarian imagination — the belief that political legitimacy arises from an agreement among individuals who surrender their natural liberty to an external sovereign. From Hobbes’ Leviathan to Locke’s liberal state and Rousseau’s general will, the social contract tradition conceptualised order as something granted by authority rather than generated by community. This paper argues that such contractarian reasoning contains a moral flaw: it objectifies the state as an entity outside human consciousness, alienating citizens from their collective capacity to govern. Revisiting the origins of political association, I propose the idea of a “natural state” — not a pre-political condition of chaos, but a moral and social order rooted in mutual trust, cooperation, and coordination. The natural state represents a form of community consciousness, where individuals constitute the state through their shared moral awareness rather than through the act of delegation. Drawing from Arendt’s notion of power as people acting in concert, Foucault’s concept of biopower, and Habermas’ idea of communicative rationality, the paper reconstructs the origin of political authority as an expression of human sociability rather than its restraint. By reclaiming the natural state, we rediscover the ethical foundation of political life — one that situates power within the people rather than above them. The paper concludes by framing this vision as a normative ideal for reawakening community consciousness in an increasingly fragmented and technocratic world.

Awareness on Emergency Contraception among Reproductive Age Women in selected Community, Chennai

K Logambal — 2025-10-15

One of the biggest and most life-changing experiences for a woman is becoming a mother. Contraception ensures that parenting is a deliberate, well-timed decision by empowering women and families to decide when they choose to get pregnant. Objective: The study aims to ascertain the level of awareness of emergency contraception among women of reproductive age. Methodology: To find out how much 200 women of reproductive age knew about emergency contraception, a descriptive correlational study was done. Purposive sampling was used in the selection of the samples. The data was gathered through self-administration utilizing pre-tested, validated, and pre-planned instruments, including a structured knowledge questionnaire and a demographic variable proforma. Results: The majority of women (93.5%) fell into the needs improvement category, with intermediate awareness (6.5%) coming in second. They were all not sufficiently informed on emergency contraception. Women of reproductive age had a mean and standard deviation of 1.34 ± 1.19 in ideas and 2.53 ± 1.51 in usage and safety, with a global score of 3.81 ± 1.90 for emergency contraception awareness. Conclusion: The study's results showed that, similar to other fundamental knowledge, emergency contraceptive understanding is crucial for preventing unintended births. Education can be extremely important in raising reproductive health professionals' awareness of emergency contraception.

A Critical Analysis of the Translated Hindi Poems of Namdeo Dhasal

Shahu Dasharath Madhale — 2025-10-15

Namdeo Dhasal (1949–2014) was not merely a poet of Marathi literature but a social and cultural earthquake in himself. As a founding member of the Dalit Panther Movement and a revolutionary writer, he shook not only Marathi but the entire Indian literary landscape. The Hindi translations of his poems brought his explosive and often considered “obscene” poetic world to the Hindi readership. This research paper presents a critical analysis of Dhasal’s translated Hindi poems. It evaluates the challenges, limitations, and achievements of these translations, while examining the central aspects of his poetics—such as the concept of Golpitha, linguistic aggression, the deconstruction of myths, and the creation of a new aesthetic—within the context of Hindi translations. The study concludes that the Hindi translations of Dhasal’s poetry are not merely linguistic transfers but cultural and ideological interventions that have deeply influenced Hindi Dalit poetry and contemporary Hindi poetic consciousness. Dhasal’s poems are not just works of art but an armed rebellion against the social order. His translated poems present Hindi readers with a poetic landscape that shatters conventional notions of beauty and constructs a new, harsh yet authentic reality.

Abstract in Hindi Language: नामदेव ढसाल (1949-2014) मराठी साहित्य के केवल एक कवि ही नहीं, बल्कि एक सामाजिक-सांस्कृतिक भूकंप थे। दलित पैंथर आंदोलन के संस्थापक सदस्य और एक क्रांतिकारी रचनाकार के रूप में उन्होंने न केवल मराठी, बल्कि समस्त भारतीय साहित्यिक परिदृश्य को हिलाकर रख दिया। उनकी कविताओं के हिंदी अनुवाद ने उनकी इस विस्फोटक और अश्लील मानी जाने वाली काव्य-भूमि को हिंदी जगत तक पहुँचाया। यह शोधपत्र ढसाळ की अनूदित हिंदी कविताओं का समीक्षात्मक विश्लेषण प्रस्तुत करता है। इसमें उनकी कविताओं के अनुवाद की चुनौतियों, सीमाओं और सफलताओं का मूल्यांकन किया गया है। साथ ही, उनके काव्यशास्त्र के केंद्रीय बिंदुओं – जैसे 'गोलपीठा' की अवधारणा, शब्दों के प्रति आक्रामकता, मिथकों के विखंडन, और एक नए सौंदर्यशास्त्र के निर्माण – को हिंदी अनुवादों के संदर्भ में परखा गया है। इस शोध का निष्कर्ष यह है कि ढसाळ की कविताओं के हिंदी अनुवाद केवल भाषांतर नहीं, बल्कि एक सांस्कृतिक-विचारधारात्मक हस्तक्षेप हैं, जिन्होंने हिंदी दलित कविता और समकालीन हिंदी काव्य-चेतना को गहराई से प्रभावित किया है। ढसाळ की कविताएँ केवल काव्य नहीं, बल्कि सामाजिक व्यवस्था के विरुद्ध एक सशस्त्र विद्रोह हैं। उनकी अनूदित कविताएँ हिंदी पाठक के सामने एक ऐसी काव्यभूमि प्रस्तुत करती हैं जो पारंपरिक सौंदर्यबोध को तोड़ती है और एक नए, क्रूर पर सच्चे यथार्थ का निर्माण करती है।

Keywords: नामदेव ढसाळ, दलित कविता, अनुवाद अध्ययन, गोलपीठा, दलित पैंथर, हिंदी अनुवाद, मराठी साहित्य, विद्रोही सौंदर्यशास्त्र।

The Circumstances Surrounding the Formation of the Triveni Sangh in Bihar

Sanjay Kumar Suman — 2025-10-15

The movement for social equality in Bihar began to take a political form in the early 1930s. The long-standing Janeu Movement (Sacred Thread Movement) played a significant role in awakening the backward castes. However, this movement faced strong opposition from the upper-caste landlords in several regions, leading to various forms of persecution against its participants. In such a situation, members of the backward castes increasingly realized that it would not be possible to resist these oppressive forces without unity among themselves. As a result, joint meetings of various backward castes began to take place. Against this backdrop, on May 30, 1933, the Triveni Sangh was formed in Kargahar, Shahabad district. The key founders of this organization were Chaudhary J. N. Mehta, Sardar Jagdev Singh, and Shivpujan Singh, among others.

Abstract in Hindi Language: बिहार में सामाजिक बराबरी का आंदोलन चैथे दशक के आरंभ में एक राजनीतिक शक्ल ग्रहण करने लगा था। लंबे समय से चले रहे ‘जनेऊ आंदोलन’ ने पिछड़ी जातियों के जागरण में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाई। लेकिन इस आंदोलन को जगह-जगह उच्च जाति के भू-स्वामियों का उग्र विरोध भी झेलना पड़ा। नाना प्रकार से इन्हें प्रताड़ित किया जाने लगा। ऐसी स्थिति में इन पिछड़ी जातियों में यह एहसास बढ़ने लगा कि आपस में एकजुट हुए बिना इन विरोधी शक्तियों से लोहा लेना संभव नही है। विभिन्न पिछड़ी जातियों की सम्मिलित सभाएं होनी शुरू हुई। इसी पृष्ठभूमि में 30 मई 1933 में शाहाबाद जिले के करगहर में त्रिवेणी संघ का जन्म हुआ। इस संघ के जन्मदाताओं में चैधरी जे0एन0 मेहता, सरदार जगदेव सिंह एवं शिवपूजन सिंह आदि प्रमुख थे।

Keywords: सामाजिक, आंदोलन, राजनीतिक, जनेऊ आंदोलन

Social Media's Impact on Self Perception & Identity Formation: A Theoretical Reflection Through Digital Lens

Tapolagna Das — 2025-10-15

With increase in the collective use of social media and changes in the individual interaction, it has altered the way people think about themselves and how they present themselves to others. In this conceptual paper, the multidimensional relationship between social media use and the cognitive processes involved in self-perception and identity formation has been discussed in the light of several therapeutic explanations and researcher’s reflection. This paper examined this relationship using some of the most well-known theories such as Goffman's Impression Management Theory, Cooley's Looking-Glass Self Theory, Festinger's Social Comparison Theory, and Erikson's Stages of Identity Development, among others. The goal of this paper is to scrutinize the ways in which social media shape’s individual identity and provide an overview of how social media facilitates self-presentation, allows for constant social comparison, enables identity formation, and might have positive and negative effects on individuals psychologically. Additionally, it has explored the paradoxes associated with online authenticity, the fragmentation of digital identity, and the mediative role of upward social comparison in shaping self-esteem and body image. In conclusion, it can be stated that social media provides new and exciting opportunities for self-expression and identity exploration; at the same time, it presents new and unexplored challenges for individuals such as the ideal and real self-discrepancy, the fear of missing out (FOMO), and the online disinhibition effect.

A Study on the Effects of Circuit Training and Swiss Ball Training on Endurance

Arpana Bhagwanbhai Thakkar — 2025-10-15

The purpose of this research study was to examine the effects of circuit training and Swiss ball training on endurance. For this study, a total of 150 women who exercised at gyms in Gandhinagar city were selected as participants. Women aged between 18 and 30 years were chosen for the study. The participants were divided into three groups — 50 in the circuit training group, 50 in the Swiss ball training group, and 50 in the control group. Endurance was measured using the Plank Test as the standard of assessment. The collected data from the two experimental groups and one control group were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), and the differences between the means were tested for significance using the LSD post-hoc test at the 0.05 level. The results showed that a systematic 12-week program of circuit training and Swiss ball training led to a significant improvement in the endurance of the participants.

Abstract in Gujarati Language: આ સંશોધન અભ્યાસનો હેતુ ચક્રિય તાલીમ અને સ્વિસબોલ તાલીમની સહનશક્તિ પર થતી અસરોનો અભ્યાસ કર્યો હતો. આ સંશોધન અભ્યાસમાં ગાંધીનગર શહેરના જિમ્નેશિયમમાં કસરત કરનારી કુલ 150 જેટલા બહેનોને વિષયપાત્રોને તરીકે પસંદ કરવામાં આવી હતી. આ સંશોધન અભ્યાસમાં 18 થી 30 વર્ષની વયજૂથની બહેનોને પસંદ કરવામાં આવી હતી. આ સંશોધન અભ્યાસમાં વિષયપાત્રોને 50 ચક્રિય તાલીમ જૂથ, 50 સ્વિસ બોલ તાલીમ અને 50 નિયંત્રિણ જૂથ એમ ત્રણ જૂથમાં વિભાજીત કરવામાં આવ્યા હતા. માપનના ધોરણમાં સહનશક્તિનું માપન પ્લેન્ક ટેસ્ટ દ્વારા કરવામાં આવ્યું હતું. બે પ્રાયોગિક જૂથો અને એક નિયંત્રિત જૂથની પ્રાપ્ત કરેલ માહિતી પર વિચરણ, સહવિચરણ પૃથક્કરણ (ANCOVA) લાગુ પાડી મધ્યકો વચ્ચેના તફાવતોને LSD પોસ્ટ હોક કસોટી લાગુ પાડી 0.05 કક્ષાએ સાર્થકતા ચકાસવામાં આવી હતી. જેનું તારણ આ પ્રમાણે જોવા મળ્યું હતું. પદ્ધત્તિસરના 12 અઠવાડિયાના ચક્રિય તાલીમ અને સ્વિસ બોલ તાલીમ કાર્યક્રમથી પસંદ થતા વિષયપાત્રોની સહનશક્તિમાં નોંધપાત્ર સુધારો જોવા મળ્યો હતો.

Keywords: ચક્રિય તાલીમ, સ્વિસબોલ, પુશ-અપ, સ્ક્વાટ, સ્પ્રિન્ટ

Climate Change, Energy Transition, and SDGs: A Holistic Approach to Nepal’s Sustainable Development

Rajendra Pandit — 2025-10-15

Urgent action is required to address climate change and its impacts to facilitate a successful energy transition. The SDGs aim to ensure universal access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy by 2030. This study examines the interconnections between climate change, energy transition, and SDGs implementation, with a particular focus on Global North-South collaboration and its implications for Nepal. Using a systematic literature review and expert consultations. The study highlights Nepal’s energy challenges, including low per-capita electricity consumption and heavy reliance (70%) on traditional biomass fuels, which pose risks to public health and environmental sustainability. Glacial melt and extreme weather threaten Nepal’s energy security, despite hydropower’s potential for self-sufficiency. Disparities in climate policy commitments between the Global North and South remain a significant challenge; while the North, responsible for 92% of global greenhouse gas emissions, advocates for collective mitigation efforts, the South demands diverse and context-specific solutions. The study finds that energy transition plays a crucial role in mitigating climate change by reducing emissions, thereby advancing the SDGs. However, Nepal requires an estimated $47.5 billion in climate finance from the Global North. Achieving sustainable development requires global cooperation, effective climate financing, knowledge transfer, and a robust international framework underpinned by solidarity.