RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary

Grammatical Error Analysis of Korean Learners of Hindi: Focusing on Beginning Learners

Taejin Koh, Eungu Lee — Sat, 15 Nov 2025 00:00:00 -0500

This study presents an empirical analysis of grammatical errors produced by beginning-level Korean learners of Hindi enrolled in a university course. Drawing on exam data from 30 students (20 female, 10 male) who took a beginning Hindi class at Hankuk University of Foreign Studies in the second semester of 2025, a total of 450 error tokens were collected. Errors were classified into five categories: morphological errors, syntactic errors, postposition (case-marker) errors, tense–aspect errors, and transfer errors. Excluding transfer errors, the core grammar set (N = 415) showed the following distribution: morphological errors—including gender–number and subject–verb agreement—were most frequent (38.1%), followed by postposition errors (27.2%), syntactic errors (21.7%), and tense–aspect errors (13.0%). These results suggest that structural differences between Korean and Hindi, cross-linguistic influence from English, and the developmental trajectory of learners’ interlanguage operate jointly to shape error patterns. Pedagogically, the findings argue for error-based instruction in Hindi grammar, emphasizing explicit, systematic teaching at the beginning level—particularly focused on agreement systems and postposition use. agents.

Pastoral Women in the Himalayas: A Case Study of the Gaddi Community

Thakru Ram, Dr. Vinay Sharma — Sat, 15 Nov 2025 00:00:00 -0500

This paper examines the lives and labor of pastoral women among the Gaddi community of the western Himalayas, focusing on Chamba and adjoining districts in present-day Himachal Pradesh. While Gaddi pastoralism is often narrated through the movements of male shepherds and flocks across summer dhars and winter bans, the work of women sustains this economy’s ecological and social rhythms. Building on environmental history, political ecology, and feminist scholarship, the study situates women’s labor within layered regimes of property, access, and governance from the late nineteenth century to the present. It argues that colonial forestry regimes, justified by an ideology of “improvement,” transformed commons into regulated reserves, intensifying the time and risk burdens borne by women. The post-Independence state both widened opportunities (roads, schools, political reservation) and renewed constraints (hydropower corridors, conservation closures), producing a contradictory modernity in which Gaddi women navigate expanded public roles and persistent ecological labor. Drawing on the works of Thomas R. Metcalf, Mahesh Rangarajan, Bina Agarwal, K. Sivaramakrishnan, Ramachandra Guha, Chetan Singh, and contemporary reports and policy documents, the paper develops a historically grounded portrait of gendered mobility, subsistence, care work, and political voice. It concludes by highlighting emergent pressures—climate variability, conservation enclosures, hydropower infrastructures—and argues for policy grounded in gender-sensitive rights and participatory pastoral governance(Metcalf; Rangarajan; Agarwal).

Determinants of Health Seeking Behaviour among Families in Urban Patna, Bihar

Puja Krishna, Dr. Papia Raj — Sat, 15 Nov 2025 00:00:00 -0500

Health seeking behaviour plays a central role in determining the overall health status of a population, thereby influencing the broader trajectory of a country’s socioeconomic progress. The present study explores how families in Patna seek healthcare, tracing their illness responses and treatment preferences, while examining the key factors that influence their choices. Using a qualitative research approach, data were collected from 300 families across six administrative divisions of the Patna Municipal Corporation (PMC) through face-to-face interviews. Findings from this study show that health seeking behaviour of families is primarily shaped by their perception of the severity of the health issue. It is also affected by a complex interplay of sociocultural norms, economic constraints, and environmental factors. Based on the type and severity of health problems, families adopt a tiered approach, involving home remedies, self-medication, and non-professional advice, progressing to professional medical care when need is felt. It also reveals a clear inclination of families towards private healthcare facilities over public ones, attributed to factors such as availability of doctors, quality of healthcare services, ease of appointment, past experiences and reviews from social networks. Within families, patriarchal norms often shape healthcare decision-making, with male members retaining authority over financial commitments. Additionally, the increasing use of digital media, including the internet and mobile applications, highlights the transformative influence of technology in guiding contemporary health behaviours.