Study of Heat Treatment Processes for Crown Nuts

Authors

  • Vitalijus Rudzinskas Vilniaus kolegija, Saltoniškių g. 58-1, LT-08105, Vilnius Author
  • Virginijus Daugėla Vilniaus kolegija, Saltoniškių g. 58-1, LT-08105, Vilnius Author
  • Mantas Juchnevičius Vilniaus kolegija, Saltoniškių g. 58-1, LT-08105, Vilnius Author
  • Oleksandr Kapustynskyi Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Plytines g. 25, LT-10105 Vilnius, Lithuania Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2026.v11.n04.032

Keywords:

41Cr4 steel, heat treatment, quenching, hardness

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to experimentally determine the heat treatment parameters for 41Cr4 steel that ensure an optimal balance of hardness, strength, and ductility in crown wrenches. The novelty of the work includes comparing heat treatment times of 10 and 27 minutes during quenching, assessing the effect of partial qunching on the hardness distribution, and taking into account the influence of the geometric shape of the tool on the efficiency of the heat treatments cycle. The cumulative results demonstrate that a hardness range of 50-55 HRC is optimal for the steel crown wrench. The optimal hardening temperature range is 830-860 °C with a holding time of approximately 27 minutes.

References

[1] Chen, X. P., Rong, J., & Hu, R. F. (2011). Research on Mechanical Wrench Tool Innovative Design Method. Advanced Materials Research, 341–342, 286–290. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.341-342.286 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.341-342.286

[2] Bayrak, M., Ozturk, F., Demirezen, M., & Evis, Z. (2007). Analysis of tempering treatment on material properties of DIN 41Cr4 and DIN 42CrMo4 steels. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 16(5), 597–600. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-007-9043-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-007-9043-1

[3] Celtik, C., Ayhan, I. I., & Yurekturk, Y. (2023). Effect of double austenitization and pre-annealing heat treatment on the microstructural and mechanical properties of QT 41Cr4 steel. Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals, 76(10), 2845–2855. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-023-02975-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-023-02975-5

[4] International Organization for Standardization. (2021). ISO 3452-1:2021. Non-destructive testing—Penetrant testing—Part 1: General principles. https://www.iso.org/standard/75696.html

[5] Kapustynskyi, O., & Višniakov, N. (2025). The influence of heat treatment and laser alternative surface treatment methods of non-alloy steels: Review. Photonics, 12(3), 207. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12030207 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12030207

[6] Kapustynskyi, O., & Višniakov, N. (2023). Effect of local laser treatment on the strengthening of thin-walled structures fabricated from non-alloy steel. Materials, 16(13), 4555. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16134555 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16134555

[7] Lesiuk, G., Duda, M. M., Correia, J. A. F. O., De Jesus, A. M. P., & Calçada, R. (2018). Fatigue crack growth of 42CrMo4 and 41Cr4 steels under different heat treatment conditions. International Journal of Structural Integrity, 9(3), 326–336. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSI-01-2018-0003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSI-01-2018-0003

[8] Ovako. (2026, April 28). 41Cr4 [Material data sheet]. https://steelnavigator.ovako.com/steel-grades/41cr4/

[9] van Bohemen, S. M. C., & Sietsma, J. (2010). The kinetics of bainite and martensite formation in steels during cooling. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 527(24–25), 6672–6676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2010.06.091 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2010.06.091

Downloads

Published

2026-04-15

How to Cite

Rudzinskas, V., Daugėla, V., Juchnevičius, M., & Kapustynskyi, O. (2026). Study of Heat Treatment Processes for Crown Nuts. RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary, 11(4), 296-301. https://doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2026.v11.n04.032