Evaluation of Iron induced stress in Brinjal (Solanum Melongena L.) plants by assessing growth and biochemical parameters
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2024.v09.n11.019Keywords:
Brinjal, Germination, Heavy metal toxicity, Iron, Soil Pollution, ToxicologyAbstract
Iron is an essential mineral for the human body, playing a significant role in oxygen transport, synthesis of energy and cellular functions. However, excessive accumulation of iron can lead to toxic stress, causing severe organ damage and metabolic disruptions. This study evaluates the iron induced stress in Brinjal (Solanum Melongena L.) plants by assessing growth and biochemical parameters. The experimental plants were divided into four groups. Group 1 (control), received no ferrous iron treatment, while groups 2, 3, and 4 were treated with 100, 200, and 400 mg of ferrous iron exposure, respectively. The results revealed that higher levels of ferrous iron exposure significantly hindered growth as evidenced by reduced germination percentage, shorter root and shoot length, decreased fresh and dry weight, and lower vigour index. Biochemical analysis showed a marked decline in carbohydrate and protein levels under elevated concentrations of ferrous iron. Furthermore, the activity of key antioxidant enzymes such as catalase and superoxide dismutase, were significantly reduced. These findings highlight the detrimental effects of iron overload on brinjal plants, emphasizing the importance of carefully managing iron levels in agricultural practices to prevent oxidative damage and maintain good health of the plants.
References
Abdul-Baki AA, Anderson JD. Vigor Determination in Soybean Seed by Multiple Criteria. Crop Science. 1973; 13: 630-633.
Alscher RG, Erturk N, Heath LS. Role of superoxide dismutases (SODs) in controlling oxidative stress in plants. J Exp Bot. 2002; 53(372): 1331-41.
Bankaji I, Cacador I, Sleimi N. Physiological and biochemical responses of Sudaeda fruticosa to cadmium and copper stresses: Growth, nutrient uptake, antioxidant enzymes, phytochelatin, and glutatione levels. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2015; 22: 13058–13069.
Fu Z, Guo W, Dang Z, Hu Q, Wu F, Feng C, Zhao X, Meng W, Xing B, Giesy JP. Refocusing on Nonpriority Toxic Metals in the Aquatic Environment in China. Environ Sci Technol. 2017; 51(6): 3117-3118.
Gul S, Ahmed S, Gul H, Kaneez FS. Investigating the protective effect of Solanum melongena. Asian Journal of Health Science. 2011; 1: 276-94.
Hall JL. Cellular mechanisms for heavy metal detoxification and tolerance. J. Exp. Bot. 2002; 53:1-11.
Hedge JE, Hofreiter BT. In Carbohydrate chemistry 17 (Eds Whistler RL and Be Miller JN). Academic press. New York. 1962.
Huang HY, Chang CK, Tso TK, Huang JJ, Chang WW, Tsai WC. Antioxidant activities of various fruits and vegetables produced in Taiwan. International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition. 2004; 55: 423-429.
Kakkar PS, Das B. Viswanathan PN. A modified spectrophotometeric assay for superoxide dismutase. Indian J Biochem Biophys. 1984; 21: 130-132.
Khan S, Cao Q, Zheng YM, Huang YZ, Zhu YG. Health risks of heavy metals in contaminated soils and food crops irrigated with wastewater in Beijing, China. Environmental Pollution. 2008; 152: 686-692.
Kwon YI, Apostolidis E, Shetty K. In vitro studies of eggplant (Solanum melongena) phenolics as inhibitors of key enzymes relevant for type 2 diabetes and hypertension. Bioresource Technology. 2007; 99(8): 2981- 8.
Lowry OH, Roseborough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RL. Protein measurement with Folin-phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 1951; 193: 265-275.
Malecka A, Kutrowska A, Piechalak A. High Peroxide Level May Be a Characteristic Trait of a Hyperaccumulator. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2015; 226: 84.
Meagher RB, Heaton AC. "Strategies for the engineered phytoremediation of toxic element pollution: mercury and arsenic." Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2005; 32(11-12): 502-513.
Mishra S, Srivastava S, Tripathi RD, Kumar R, Seth CS, Gupta DK. Chemosphere. 2006; 65(6): 1027-39.
Mutalik S, Paridhavi K, Rao CM, Udupa N. Antipyretic and analgesic effect of leaves of Solanum melongena Linn. in rodents. Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 2003; 35: 312-5.
Nagajyoti PC, Lee KD, Sreekanth TVM. Heavy metals, occurrence and toxicity for plants: a review. Environ Chem Lett. 2010; 8(3): 199–216.
Olaleye AO, Ogunkunle AO, Singh BN, Akinbola GE, Tabi FO, Fayinminu OM, Iji E. Ratios of nutrients in lowland rice grown on two iron toxic soils in Nigeria. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 2009; 32: 1-17
Palma JM, Sandalio LM, Javier Corpas F, RomeroPuertas MC, McCarthy I, del Río LA. Plant proteases protein degradation and oxidative stress: role of peroxisomes. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2002; 40:521-530.
Pandey N, Verma L. Nitric oxide alleviates iron toxicity by reducing oxidative damage and growth inhibition in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings. International Journal of Plant and Environment. 2019; 5: 16-22.
Ruley A. "Physiology and Biochemistry of Lead Accumulation in Sesbania Drummondii" 2004.
Sharma RK, Agrawal M, Marshall F. Heavy metal contamination of soil and vegetables in suburban areas of Varanasi, India. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2007; 66: 258–266.
Shen Y, Tang J, Nie Z, Wang Y, Ren Y, Zuo L. Preparation and application of magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles for wastewater purification. Separation and Purification Technology. 2009; 68(3): 312-319.
Sinha KA. Colorimetric assay of catalase. Anal Biochem. 1972; 47: 389-394.
Sobha K, Poornima A, Harini P, Veeraiah K. A study on biochemical changes in the fresh water fish, catla catla (hamilton) exposed to the heavy metal toxicant cadmium chloride. Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology. 2007; 1(4): 1-11.
Sudheesh S, Presannakumar G, Vijiyakumar S. Vijayalakshmi NR. Hypolipidemic effect of flavonoids from Solanum melongena. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 1997; 51: 321 30.
Tiwari BS, Belenghi B, Levine A. Oxidative stress increased respiration and generation of reactive oxygen species, resulting in ATP depletion, opening of mitochondrial permeability transition, and programmed cell death. Plant Physiol. 2002;128(4):1271-81.
Vohora SB, Kumar I, Khan MS. Effect of alkaloids of Solanum melongena on the central nervous system. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1984; 11: 331-6.
Willekens H, Chamnongpol S, Davey M, Schraudner M, Langebartels C, Van Montagu M, Inze D, Van Camp W EMBO J. 1997; 16(16): 4806-16.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0).
