Unravelling the Theory of Karma in Buddhist Philosophy: An Analytical Exploration

Abstract

This article offers an analytical examination of the theory of karma within Buddhist philosophy, investigating its complex influence on moral responsibility, ethical conduct, and existential significance. Karma, originating from the Sanskrit word for “action,” is a fundamental principle in Buddhism that shapes perspectives on causation, reincarnation, and moral repercussions. Buddhist doctrine posits that “all beings are proprietors of their karma, inheritors of their karma” (Cūḷakammavibhaṅga Sutta), underscoring individual responsibility and the influence of one’s deeds on present and future circumstances. The article examines core Buddhist texts and interpretations to explore the complex dimensions of karma, encompassing its ethical ramifications, its impact on the cycle of birth and death (samsara), and its connection to Buddhist principles such as non-self (anatta) and dependent origination (paṭiccasamuppāda). A comparative comparison of Buddhist karma with alternative interpretations underscores its distinctive perspective on moral action, wherein karma is perceived as a mechanism for fostering personal virtue and social peace, rather than as a simplistic system of reward and punishment. This study elucidates how the notion of karma, as noted by scholars like Harvey (2000), supports mindfulness, compassion, and ethical conduct, reflecting an ethical worldview where actions form consciousness and guide one towards freedom. This essay seeks to enhance comprehension of karma as a philosophical and ethical framework in Buddhism by analysing both classic and current perspectives, so illustrating its significance in modern ethical discourse. This investigation reveals that the Buddhist concept of karma, beyond its theological framework, provides significant insights for tackling issues of moral accountability, fairness, and existential meaning in the contemporary world.