India–U.S. Strategic Alliance: Evolution, Opportunities, and Challenges

Abstract

The India–United States strategic alliance has evolved into a defining partnership of the 21st century, encompassing political, economic, defense, and ideological dimensions. This article traces the historical development of the bilateral relationship from cautious engagement to a comprehensive global strategic partnership, examining key phases under the administrations of Presidents Obama, Trump, and Biden. It identifies the primary drivers of the partnership, including India’s economic rise, military modernization, shared democratic values, and converging strategic interests in the Indo-Pacific. The study also highlights areas of cooperation—trade, defense, science and technology, and global governance—while addressing persistent challenges such as energy security, nuclear non-proliferation, and India’s military ties with Russia. Finally, it considers the future prospects of the alliance in light of shifting global power dynamics, particularly China’s rise, emphasizing the partnership’s centrality to regional and global stability.