The Algorithmic Amplification of Concerns in a Media-Saturated World
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2022.v07.i10.004Keywords:
algorithms, big data, personalization, polarization, power and politics, governance and governmentalityAbstract
We are living in an age of information abundance amplified by the science of recommendation engines––algorithmically selected content based on personal data profiles dominates the modern media landscape. The intersection of information abundance, human psychology, and user data profiling in modern society is at the heart of media recommendation algorithms.
Our lives have come online. We are exposed to media consumption; we live in and through media. The function of the algorithmic media (media platforms such as Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Netflix, Amazon, etc. are driven by algorithmic operation) is to facilitate mediated interaction, provide information, and give search results to users depending on their algorithmic operations. Algorithmic media platforms act as “performative intermediaries” (Bucher 1) in shaping opinions and altering the course of history.
The current paper explores the algorithmic basis of social media and other content search or recommendation systems where our encounters with algorithms constitute a key site of many things––power, politics, propaganda, governance, and governmentality. The aim of the paper is to understand what these encounters generate.
References
Aneez, Zeenab, et al. Reuters Institute India Digital News Report. reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2019-03/India_DNR_FINAL.pdf.
Birch, Kean, and Kelly Bronson. “Big Tech.” Science as Culture, vol. 31, no. 1, Jan. 2022, pp. 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1080/09505431.2022.2036118.
Berry, David. “The Computational Turn: Thinking about the Digital Humanities.” Culture Machine, vol. 12, Feb. 2011, sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/49813/.
Berry, David. “THE COMPUTATIONAL TURN: THINKING about the DIGITAL HUMANITIES.” CULTURE MACHINE, vol. 12, 2011, culturemachine.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/10-Computational-Turn-440-893-1-PB.pdf.
Bolano, Alexander. “Exposure to Opposing Political Opinions Online Can Increase Political Polarization.” Science Trends, Aug. 2018, https://doi.org/10.31988/scitrends.29419.
Bruno Latour. Tarde’s idea of quantification. Candea, Matei. The Social After Gabriel Tarde: Debates and Assessments, Routledge, pp.145-162, 2010. ffhal-00973004f
Bucher, Taina. If...Then Algorithmic Power and Politics. New York, N.Y. Oxford University Press, 2018.
Boler, Megan, and Elizabeth Davis. Affective Politics of Digital Media: Propaganda by Other Means. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.
Conover, Michael, et al. “Political Polarization on Twitter.” Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, vol. 5, no. 1, July 2011, ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/14126.
Cooke, Nicole A. “Posttruth, Truthiness, and Alternative Facts: Information Behavior and Critical Information Consumption for a New Age.” The Library Quarterly, vol. 87, no. 3, July 2017, pp. 211–21, https://doi.org/10.1086/692298.
“Cambridge Analytica: Subverting Democracy, One Facebook Profile at a Time.” Theshiftnews.com, theshiftnews.com/2018/03/26/cambridge-analytica-subverting-democracy-one-facebook-profile-at-a-time/. Accessed 14 Apr. 2022.
Crawford, Kate. ATLAS of AI : Power, Politics, and the Planetary Costs of Artificial Intelligence. Yale University Press, 2022.
Crogan, Patrick. “Bernard Stiegler on Algorithmic Governmentality: A New Regimen of Truth?” New Formations, vol. 98, no. 98, July 2019, pp. 48–67, https://doi.org/10.3898/newf:98.04.2019.
Daniels, Jessie. “The Algorithmic Rise of the “Alt-Right.”” Contexts, vol. 17, no. 1, Feb. 2018, pp. 60–65, 10.1177/1536504218766547.
De Choudhury, Munmun. “Tie Formation on Twitter: Homophily and Structure of Egocentric Networks.” IEEE Xplore, 1 Oct. 2011, pp. 465–70, https://doi.org/10.1109/PASSAT/SocialCom.2011.177.
Difonzo, Nicholas, and Prashant Bordia. Rumor Psychology: Social and Organizational Approaches. Washington American Psychological Association, 2007.
Flaxman, Seth, et al. “Filter Bubbles, Echo Chambers, and Online News Consumption.” Public Opinion Quarterly, vol. 80, no. S1, 2016, pp. 298–320, https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfw006.
Foucault, Michel. Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison. Vintage Books, 1979.
———. "The Subject and Power." Critical Inquiry, vol. 8, no. 4, July 1982, pp. 777–95, https://doi.org/10.1086/448181.
Gillespie, Tarleton. “The Politics of ‘Platforms.’” New Media & Society, vol. 12, no. 3, Feb. 2010, pp. 347–64, https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809342738.
Harvey, David. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford Oxford University Press, 2007.
Harcourt, Bernard. Exposed: Desire and Disobedience in the Digital Age. 1st Edition, Harvard UP, 2015.
---. Against Prediction: Profiling, Policing, and Punishing in an Actuarial Age. First Edition (US) First Printing., University of Chicago Press, 2006.
Helmus, Todd, et al. Russian Social Media Influence Understanding Russian Propaganda in Eastern Europe. 2018, www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR2200/RR2237/RAND_RR2237.pdf.
Just, Natascha, and Michael Latzer. “Governance by Algorithms: Reality Construction by Algorithmic Selection on the Internet.” Media, Culture & Society, vol. 39, no. 2, July 2016, pp. 238–58, https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443716643157.
Koopman, Colin. How We Became Our Data: A Genealogy of the Informational Person. First, University of Chicago Press, 2019.
Lash, Scott. “Power after Hegemony.” Theory, Culture & Society, vol. 24, no. 3, May 2007, pp. 55–78, https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276407075956.
Lim, Merlyna. “Freedom to Hate: Social Media, Algorithmic Enclaves, and the Rise of Tribal Nationalism in Indonesia.” Critical Asian Studies, vol. 49, no. 3, June 2017, pp. 411–27, https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2017.1341188.
Lim, Merlyna. “Many Clicks but Little Sticks: Social Media Activism in Indonesia.” Journal of Contemporary Asia, vol. 43, no. 4, Nov. 2013, pp. 636–657, 10.1080/00472336.2013.769386.
Mager, Astrid. “Algorithmic Ideology: How Capitalist Society Shapes Search Engines.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2011, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1926244.
“#MacronLeaks Changed Political Campaigning. Why Macron Succeeded and Clinton Failed.” World Economic Forum, 20 May 2022, www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/05/macronleaks-have-changed-political-campaigning-why-macron-succeeded-and-clinton-failed.
McPherson, Miller, et al. “Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks.” Annual Review of Sociology, vol. 27, no. 1, Aug. 2001, pp. 415–44, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.415.
Pandey, Siddhi. “Homophily in Indian Social Networks: A Model of Signed Network Formation.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2019, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3313404.
Pariser, Eli. The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You. Penguin Press, 2011.
Postill, John. “Populism and Social Media: A Global Perspective.” Media, Culture & Society, vol. 40, no. 5, May 2018, pp. 754–65, https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443718772186.
ProPublica. “Facebook’s Secret Censorship Rules Protect White Men from Hate Speech but Not Black Children.” ProPublica, ProPublica, 28 June 2017, www.propublica.org/article/facebook-hate-speech-censorship-internal-documents-algorithms.
Schuilenburg, Marc, and Rik Peeters. The Algorithmic Society : Technology, Power, and Knowledge. Routledge, 2020.
Shaffer, Kris. Data versus Democracy : How Big Data Algorithms Shape Opinions and Alter the Course of History. Apress, 2019.
Siva Vaidhyanathan. ANTISOCIAL MEDIA : How Facebook Disconnects Us and Undermines Democracy. Oxford Univ Press Us, 2019.
Slater, Michael D. “Reinforcing Spirals Model: Conceptualizing the Relationship between Media Content Exposure and the Development and Maintenance of Attitudes.” Media Psychology, vol. 18, no. 3, June 2014, pp. 370–95, https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2014.897236.
Social Network Sites as Networked Publics: Affordances, Dynamics, and Implications Danah Boyd. www.danah.org/papers/2010/SNSasNetworkedPublics.pdf.
Spohr, Dominic. “Fake News and Ideological Polarization.” Business Information Review, vol. 34, no. 3, Aug. 2017, pp. 150–60, https://doi.org/10.1177/0266382117722446.
Srivastava, Swati. “Algorithmic Governance and the International Politics of Big Tech.” Perspectives on Politics, Nov. 2021, pp. 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1017/s1537592721003145.
Srivastava, Swati. “Algorithmic Governance and the International Politics of Big Tech.” Perspectives on Politics, Nov. 2021, pp. 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1017/s1537592721003145.
“Seeing without Knowing: Limitations of the Transparency Ideal and Its Application to Algorithmic Accountability.” ResearchGate, www.researchgate.net/publication/312378887_Seeing_without_knowing_Limitations_of_the_transparency_ideal_and_its_application_to_algorithmic_accountability. Accessed 14 Apr. 2022.
“Social Network Sites as Networked Publics: Affordances, Dynamics, and Implications.” ResearchGate, www.researchgate.net/publication/265035948_Social_Network_Sites_as_Networked_Publics_Affordances_Dynamics_and_Implications.
“The Public and Its Problems.” Zims-En.kiwix.campusafrica.gos.orange.com, zims-en.kiwix.campusafrica.gos.orange.com/wikipedia_en_all_nopic/A/The_Public_and_its_Problems#cite_note-9. Accessed 17 Apr. 2022.
Uttley, Alison, and Bjørn Schiermer. “Zeynep Tufekci: Twitter and Tear Gas: The Power and Fragility of Networked Protest.” Norsk Sosiologisk Tidsskrift, vol. 3, no. 05, Dec. 2019, pp. 380–82, https://doi.org/10.18261/issn.2535-2512-2019-05-08.
W Lance Bennett, and Steven Livingston. The Disinformation Age : Politics, Technology, and Disruptive Communication in the United States. Cambridge University Press, 2021.
Walker, Mason, and Katerina Eva Matsa. “News Consumption across Social Media in 2021.” Pew Research Center’s Journalism Project, 20 Sept. 2021, www.pewresearch.org/journalism/2021/09/20/news-consumption-across-social-media-in-2021/.
Weise, Karen. “Prime Power: How Amazon Squeezes the Businesses behind Its Store.” The New York Times, 19 Dec. 2019, www.nytimes.com/2019/12/19/technology/amazon-sellers.html.
Zuboff, Shoshana. “Opinion | You Are Now Remotely Controlled.” The New York Times, 24 Jan. 2020, www.nytimes.com/2020/01/24/opinion/sunday/surveillance-capitalism.html.
Zuboff, Shoshana. The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. Public Affairs, 2019.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0).